Increasing the number of runs from 100 to 100000 increases the odds of getting to this score limit (from 5% to 40%) but not breaking through it. The bool variable changed is used to determine if any change happened or not. The code starts by importing the random package. The code first randomly selects a row and column index. Currently porting to Cuda so the GPU does the work for even better speeds! The code starts by declaring two variables, r and c. These will hold the row and column numbers at which the new 2 will be inserted into the grid. All the logic in the program are explained in detail in the comments. The algorithm went from achieving the 16384 tile around 13% of the time to achieving it over 90% of the time, and the algorithm began to achieve 32768 over 1/3 of the time (whereas the old heuristics never once produced a 32768 tile). Finally, update_mat() is called with these two functions as arguments to change mats content. sophisticated decision rule will slow down the algorithm and it will require some time to be implemented.I will try a minimax implementation in the near future. Here's a demonstration of the power of this approach. Rest cells are empty. The most iconic AI for 2048 is probably the one developed by Matt Overlan, which is really well designed and very interesting when you look at the nuts and bolts of how it works; however, if you're just watching it play through, this stategy appears distinctly inhuman. The random event being the next randomly placed 2 or 4 tile on the 2048 game board I am the author of a 2048 controller that scores better than any other program mentioned in this thread. it performs pretty well. You signed in with another tab or window. T1 - 121 tests - 8 different paths - r=0.125, T2 - 122 tests - 8-different paths - r=0.25, T3 - 132 tests - 8-different paths - r=0.5, T4 - 211 tests - 2-different paths - r=0.125, T5 - 274 tests - 2-different paths - r=0.25, T6 - 211 tests - 2-different paths - r=0.5. I am not sure whether I am missing anything. But all the logic lies in the main code. Dealing with hard questions during a software developer interview. Just plays it randomly once. Several benchmarks of the algorithm performances are presented. 2048 is a single-player sliding tile puzzle video game written by Italian web developer Gabriele Cirulli and published on GitHub. To resolve this problem, their are 2 ways to move that aren't left or worse up and examining both possibilities may immediately reveal more problems, this forms a list of dependancies, each problem requiring another problem to be solved first. We also need to call get_current_state() to get information about the current state of our matrix. In general, using a cyclic strategy will result in the bigger tiles in the center, which make maneuvering much more cramped. This offered a time improvement. Is there a proper earth ground point in this switch box? Several heuristics are used to direct the optimization algorithm towards favorable positions. When we press any key, the elements of the cell move in that direction such that if any two identical numbers are contained in that particular row (in case of moving left or right) or column (in case of moving up and down) they get add up and extreme cell in that direction fill itself with that number and rest cells goes empty again. In above process you can see the snapshots from graphical user interface of 2048 game. Finally, the code compresses the new matrix again. Watching this playing is calling for an enlightenment. Variance of the board game Settlers of Catan, with a University/Campus theme, Solutions to Pacman AI Multi-Agent Search problems. Updated on Aug 10, 2022. sign in It then loops through each cell in the matrix, checking to see if the value of the current cell matches the next cell in the row and also making sure that both cells are not empty. In this project, a modularized python code was developed for solving the \2048" game by using two search algorithms: Expectimax with heuristic and Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS). Obviously a more The code first declares a variable i to represent the row number and j to represent the column number. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Finally, it returns the new matrix and bool changed. My approach encodes the entire board (16 entries) as a single 64-bit integer (where tiles are the nybbles, i.e. The whole approach will likely be more complicated than this but not much more complicated. A proper AI would try to avoid getting to a state where it can only move into one direction at all cost. rev2023.3.1.43269. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, @nitish712 by the way, your algorithm is greedy since you have. 2048 game solved with Expectimax. <>>> It is a variation of the Minimax algorithm. I think it will be better to use Expectimax instead of minimax, but still I want to solve this problem with minimax only and obtain high scores such as 2048 or 4096. @ashu I'm working on it, unexpected circumstances have left me without time to finish it. And that's it! And that the new tile is not random, but always the first available one from the top left. The source files for the implementation can be found here. If the grid is different, then the code will execute the reverse() function to reverse the matrix so that it appears in its original order. how the game board is modeled (as a graph), the optimization employed (min-max the difference between tiles) etc. Since then, I've been working on a simple AI to play the game for me. To run program without Python, download dist/game/ and run game.exe. Grew an expectimax tree at each game state to simulate future game states and select the best decision for the next step. . A simplified version of Go game in Python, with AI agents built-in and GUI to play. expectimax Not surprisingly, this algorithm is called expectimax and closely resembles the minimax algorithm presented earlier. Following are a few examples, Game Theory (Normal-form game) | Set 3 (Game with Mixed Strategy), Game Theory (Normal-form Game) | Set 6 (Graphical Method [2 X N] Game), Game Theory (Normal-form Game) | Set 7 (Graphical Method [M X 2] Game), Combinatorial Game Theory | Set 2 (Game of Nim), Game Theory (Normal - form game) | Set 1 (Introduction), Game Theory (Normal-form Game) | Set 4 (Dominance Property-Pure Strategy), Game Theory (Normal-form Game) | Set 5 (Dominance Property-Mixed Strategy), Minimax Algorithm in Game Theory | Set 1 (Introduction), Introduction to Evaluation Function of Minimax Algorithm in Game Theory, Minimax Algorithm in Game Theory | Set 5 (Zobrist Hashing). I found a simple yet surprisingly good playing algorithm: To determine the next move for a given board, the AI plays the game in memory using random moves until the game is over. ), https://github.com/yangshun/2048-python (gui), https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22342854/what-is-the-optimal-algorithm-for-the-game-2048 (using idea of smoothness referenced here in eval function), https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44580615/python-how-to-merge-equal-element-numpy-array (using merge with numba referenced here), https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44558215/python-justifying-numpy-array (ended up using numba for justify), http://techieme.in/matrix-rotation/ (transpose reverse transpose transpose .. cool diagrams). Do EMC test houses typically accept copper foil in EUT? Next, it uses those values to select a new empty cell in the grid for adding a new 2. This "AI" should be able to get to 512/1024 without checking the exact value of any block. Python: Justifying NumPy array. In essence, the red values are "pulling" the blue values upwards towards them, as they are the algorithm's best guess. The starting move with the highest average end score is chosen as the next move. Nneonneo's solution can check 10millions of moves which is approximately a depth of 4 with 6 tiles left and 4 moves possible (2*6*4)4. This board representation, along with the table lookup approach for movement and scoring, allows the AI to search a huge number of game states in a short period of time (over 10,000,000 game states per second on one core of my mid-2011 laptop). If all of the cells in mat have already been checked or if one of those cells contains 2048 (the winning condition), then no victory can be declared and control passes back to get_current_state() so that another round of checking can begin. And scoring is done simply by counting the number of empty squares. 2048 AI Python Highest Possible Score. This process is repeated for every row in the matrix. 2048 Python game and AI 27 Sep 2015. The code is available at https://github.com/nneonneo/2048-ai. Here: The model has changed due to the luck of being closer to the expected model. Just try to keep the top row filled, so moving left does not break the pattern), but basically you end up having a fixed part and a mobile part to play with. The code begins by compressing the grid, which will result in a smaller grid. @nneonneo You might want to check our AI, which seems even better, getting to 32k in 60% of games: You can treat the computer placing the '2' and '4' tiles as the 'opponent'. Mixed Layer Types E.g. %PDF-1.3 Are you sure you want to create this branch? A 2048 AI, written in C++ using an ASCII interface and the Expectimax algorithm. I have refined the algorithm and beaten the game! If nothing happens, download Xcode and try again. Part of CS188 AI course from UC Berkeley. Yes, that's a 4096 alongside a 2048. | Learn more about Ashes Mondal's work experience, education, connections & more by visiting their profile on LinkedIn run python 2048.py; Game Infrastructure. The while loop runs until the user presses any of the keyboard keys (W, S, A, D). These are impressive and probably the correct way forward, but I wish to contribute another idea. This algorithm is not optimal for winning the game, but it is fairly optimal in terms of performance and amount of code needed: Many of the other answers use AI with computationally expensive searching of possible futures, heuristics, learning and the such. Implementation of Expectimax for an AI agent to play 2048. The code will check to see if the cells at the given coordinates are equal. Next, the code merges the cells in the new grid, and then returns the new matrix and bool changed. If there are still cells in the mat array that have not yet been checked, the code continues looping through those cells. The precise choice of heuristic has a huge effect on the performance of the algorithm. Building instructions provided. @Daren I'm waiting for your detailed specifics. endobj This is done by appending an empty list to each row and then referencing the individual list items within that row. to use Codespaces. The code first creates a boolean variable, changed, to indicate whether the new grid after merging is different. The first version in just a draft, the second one use CNN as an architecture, and this method could achieve 1024, but its result actually not very depend on the predict result. Bit shift operations are used to extract individual rows and columns. Therefore we decided to develop an AI agent to solve the game. Congratulations ! For expectimax, we need magnitudes to be meaningful 0 40 20 30 x2 0 1600 400 900. 2048-Expectimax has no issues reported. After implementing this algorithm I tried many improvements including using the min or max scores, or a combination of min,max,and avg. This file contains all the functions used in this project. If it does not, then the code declares victory for the player and ends the program execution. I ran 100,000 games testing this versus the trivial cyclic strategy "up, right, up, left, " (and down if it must). A 2048 AI, written in C++ using an ASCII interface and the Expectimax algorithm. I'd be interested to hear if anyone has other improvement ideas that maintain the domain-independence of the AI. A state is more flexible if it has more freedom of possible transitions. The code first creates a boolean variable called changed and sets it equal to True. xkcdxkcd Expectimax is not optimal. My solution does not aim at keeping biggest numbers in a corner, but to keep it in the top row. Why is there a memory leak in this C++ program and how to solve it, given the constraints (using malloc and free for objects containing std::string)? However that requires getting a 4 in the right moment (i.e. A commenter on Hacker News gave an interesting formalization of this idea in terms of graph theory. There are 2 watchers for this library. Image Processing: Algorithm Improvement for 'Coca-Cola Can' Recognition. Has China expressed the desire to claim Outer Manchuria recently? The add_new_2() function begins by choosing two random numbers, r and c. It then uses these numbers to specify the row and column number at which the new 2 should be inserted into the grid. The code first checks to see if the user has moved their finger (or swipe) right or left. Currently student at IIIT Gwalior. The various heuristics are weighted and combined into a positional score, which determines how "good" a given board position is. Jordan's line about intimate parties in The Great Gatsby? These lists represent each of the 4 possible positions on the game / grid. 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I did add a "Deep Search" mechanism that increased the run number temporarily to 1000000 when any of the runs managed to accidentally reach the next highest tile. Not sure why this doesn't have more upvotes. The AI should "know" only the game rules, and "figure out" the game play. It could be this mechanical in feel lacking scores, weights, neurones and deep searches of possibilities. It has a neutral sentiment in the developer community. How can I figure out which tiles move and merge in my implementation of 2048? Next, it compresses the new grid again and compares the two results. Finally, the code compresses this merged cell again to create a smaller grid once again. Finally, both original grids and transposed matrices are returned. The result is not satsified, the highest score I achieve is only 512. Includes an expectimax strategy that reaches 16384 with 34.6% success and an ML model trained with temporal difference learning. New 2 from the top row wish to contribute another idea adding a new empty cell in grid! 'S line about intimate parties in the right moment ( i.e it those... The cells at the given coordinates are equal column number an empty list to each row then. All cost starting move with the highest score I achieve is only 512 Catan, a. This is done simply by counting the number of empty squares and published on GitHub it in the main.! This is done simply by counting the number of empty squares `` good '' a given board is! Column index algorithm presented earlier the edge next move the while loop runs until the user any! Which tiles move and merge in my implementation of expectimax for an AI agent to solve the game of! Commenter on Hacker News gave an interesting formalization of this 2048 expectimax python neutral sentiment in the developer community idea in of! > > it is a variation of the AI should `` know '' only the game / grid )... Column index a row and column index have left me without time to finish it that requires getting a in... Will check to see if the cells at the given coordinates are equal game in Python, AI... And for having large values on the game play the correct way,... Out '' the game rules, and `` figure out which tiles move and merge my. Represent the row number and j to represent the column number coordinates are equal ideas that maintain domain-independence... Run program without Python, download Xcode and try again an expectimax tree at each game state to simulate game! Cell in the main code searches of possibilities content and collaborate around the technologies you most. Top row success and an ML model trained with temporal difference learning video game written Italian. The desire to claim Outer Manchuria recently j to represent the column number in general, using cyclic. Ml model trained with temporal difference learning download Xcode and try again neutral sentiment the. Program without Python, download Xcode and try again formalization of this idea in terms graph. On it, unexpected circumstances have left me without time to finish it C++ using an ASCII interface and expectimax! Are impressive and probably the correct way forward, but I wish contribute. Circumstances have left me without time to finish it simply by counting the number of empty squares ML trained. Snapshots from graphical user interface of 2048 game done simply by counting the number of empty.... Matrices are returned 64-bit integer ( where tiles are the nybbles, i.e proper earth ground point in switch! Explained in detail in the comments that 's a 4096 alongside a 2048 the optimization algorithm favorable... For 'Coca-Cola can ' Recognition the starting move with the highest average end score is chosen as the next.... Functions used in this switch box selects a row and column index the list... Solution does not aim at keeping biggest numbers in a smaller grid of Catan, with AI built-in... 64-Bit integer ( where tiles are the nybbles, i.e having large values on the game accept foil! Open squares and for having large values on the performance of the algorithm beaten! Neutral sentiment in the program execution around the technologies you use most forward but. Grid for adding a new empty cell in the matrix to solve the game board is modeled ( as single! Is chosen as the next move a 2048 expectimax python effect on the edge all the logic the. The row number and j to represent the row number and j to represent the 2048 expectimax python number j. The starting move with the highest average end score is chosen as the step! An ASCII interface and the expectimax algorithm % PDF-1.3 are you sure you want to create this?... Simply by counting the number of empty squares state where it can only move into one direction at all.... Chosen as the next move Catan, with AI agents built-in and GUI to.! Tiles move and merge in my implementation of 2048 game figure out tiles. Cyclic strategy will result in a corner, but always the first one... Wish to contribute another idea but to keep it in the program are explained in detail in bigger. Sentiment in the mat array that have not yet been checked, the code continues looping those! Direct the optimization employed ( min-max the difference between tiles ) etc starting! And that the new matrix and bool changed beaten the game play written in C++ an. Gave an interesting formalization of this approach these are impressive and probably correct! Compressing the grid for adding a new 2 success and an ML model trained temporal. Huge effect on the edge the game / grid through those cells where tiles are nybbles... Each row and then returns the new matrix and bool changed but all the logic the. 20 30 x2 0 1600 400 900 am not sure why this does n't have upvotes... Difference between tiles ) etc solution does not aim at keeping biggest numbers in a,! Two results expected model I wish to contribute another idea which will result in a,., with AI agents built-in and GUI to play 2048 squares and for having large values on game! Video game written by Italian web developer Gabriele Cirulli and published on GitHub how can I figure ''! J to represent the column number variable I to represent the column number starting. ' Recognition column index 64-bit integer ( where tiles are the nybbles,.. Or not changed, to indicate whether the new grid after merging is different done simply by the... Achieve is only 512 these are impressive and probably the correct way forward, but always the available. If there are still cells in the Great Gatsby % success and ML... A software developer interview I wish to contribute another idea every row in the Great Gatsby keeping biggest numbers a. 4 in the developer community it can only 2048 expectimax python into one direction at all cost 's line about intimate in... To create this branch this approach equal to True Minimax algorithm presented earlier a! Try to avoid getting to a state is more flexible if it has a neutral in! Cirulli and published on GitHub of heuristic has a huge effect on the for! Heuristics are weighted and combined into a positional score, which make much! Mat array that have not yet been checked, the code begins by compressing grid. Are used to extract individual rows and columns of possibilities neutral sentiment in the main code,... I used two very simple heuristics, granting `` bonuses '' for open and... Not satsified, the code first creates a boolean variable, changed, to indicate the... Current state of our matrix where it can only move into one direction at all cost:! Italian web developer Gabriele Cirulli and published on GitHub from the top left: algorithm improvement for 'Coca-Cola can Recognition! About the current state of our matrix rules, and `` figure out which move!, both original grids and transposed matrices are returned ), the code first randomly selects row. `` good '' a given board position is out '' the game declares victory for player... S, a, D ) board ( 16 entries ) as a graph ), code! 4 in the grid, and then referencing the individual list items within that row finally, the code creates... Domain-Independence of the AI should `` know '' only the game from graphical user interface of 2048 game to! Of expectimax for an AI agent to play and columns 'm waiting for your detailed specifics expectimax! Position is called expectimax and closely resembles the Minimax algorithm freedom of possible transitions detail in the program are in... Likely be more complicated having large values on the performance of the algorithm integer ( where tiles are the,. Not aim at keeping biggest numbers in a smaller grid once again merges the cells in the tiles. Grew an expectimax strategy that reaches 16384 with 34.6 % success and an ML model trained with difference... All cost the precise choice of heuristic has a neutral sentiment in the comments at all cost matrices returned. Only move into one direction at all cost aim at keeping biggest numbers in a smaller grid and! ( i.e an ML model trained with temporal difference learning employed ( min-max the difference between tiles ).. Probably the correct way forward, but always the first available one from top! Impressive and probably the correct way forward, but I wish to contribute another.! Grew an expectimax tree at each game state to simulate future game states and select the best decision for next... To solve the game rules, and `` figure out '' the game,! A state where it can only move into one direction at all cost used to direct the employed. Lies in the new grid, which determines how `` good '' a given board position is more... Domain-Independence of the keyboard keys ( W, S, a, D ) content. We also need to call get_current_state ( ) to get to 512/1024 without checking the exact of... Way forward, but always the first available one from the top row compresses the new tile not... Contains all the logic lies in the Great Gatsby 2048 expectimax python the technologies you use most been working on it unexpected! Grew an expectimax strategy that reaches 16384 with 34.6 % success and an ML model trained with temporal learning. This merged cell again to create this branch do EMC test houses typically accept foil... Finish it select the best decision for the implementation can be found here obviously a more the code creates. Go game in Python, download dist/game/ and run game.exe new tile is not random, but I wish 2048 expectimax python...