Many Black families have a long history of attending HBCUs and encourage their own children to follow in their footsteps. An HBCU graduate can expect to earn an additional $927,000 in their lifetime, which is 56% more than they could expect to earn without their HBCU degrees or certificates. In other words, while HBCUs are certainly focused on Black students, they are not monolithic. HBCUs generate $14.8 billion in total economic impact and . Examining the relationship between ethnic identity, depression, and alcohol use among students at historically black colleges/universities (HBCUs). See this image and copyright information in PMC. 2 best city for Black professionals to live in, a study by an apartment rental site says. HBCUs represent about 3% of colleges in the U.S. but enroll 12% of all Black college students and produce 23% of all Black college graduates. Bookshelf Patching the Leaks: Revitalizing and Reimagining the STEM Pipeline. Its no wonder they are asking: given the cost and investment, is a college degree worth it anymore? A number of historically Black colleges and universities are seeing an increase in Black students applying and enrolling after years of decline. Your email address will not be published. The HBCU bars are a lot lower, indicating that students at HBCUs come from lower-income families. From start to finish, an HBCU education is a setup for success. Black students earned 43 percent of the 5,000 associates degrees, 80 percent of the 33,600 bachelors degrees, 72 percent of the 6,900 masters degrees, and 60 percent of the 2,700 doctors degrees conferred by HBCUs in 202021. PMC Black and white students embark on earning STEM degrees at the same rate. Michael Lomax, Ph.D., is president and CEO of UNCF, the nation's largest and most successful minority education organization, known for its motto, "A mind is a terrible thing to waste.". (B) When barriers are removed between HBCUs and PWIs/PWCs, an exchange of ideas and information is opened, facilitating a STEMM pipeline for students from all backgrounds. 2022 Apr-Jun;21(2):621-637. doi: 10.1080/15332640.2020.1793864. According to UNCF, "the The composition of HBCUs has changed over time. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Careers. Black HBCU alumni reported more favorable experiences in all categories. Foroozesh M, Giguette M, Morgan K, Johanson K, D'Amour G, Coston T, Wilkins-Green C. BMC Proc. Historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) offer high-quality education and produce leaders from various backgrounds, mainly being African American. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Heres a picture. Epub 2021 Jun 9. The university manages a community of STEM majors called theSTEM Theme House,which provides career exploration resources, personal development activities, and other programming for STEM students. Responding to Health Disparities in Behavioral Weight Loss Interventions and COVID-19 in Black Adults: Recommendations for Health Equity. that only 50 percent of public schools serving Black students in the U.S. offer calculus, and about 63 percent offer physics. The study examined 520 black graduates of HBCUs and 1,758 black graduates of other colleges. For biological and biomedical sciences, the top three HBCUs producing black STEM PhD recipients are Howard (45 percent), Meharry (27 percent) and Morehouse School of Medicine (8 percent). 2006;98:14151424. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. Black educators and students were forced to create a space to learn and obtain a higher education. And sadly, Predominantly White Institutions (PWIs) arent matching the same energy as HBCUs to get more Black STEM professionals in the workforce, and neither are companies. https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2021/09/15/report-funding-gaps-hbcus. A TEAM Approach to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Gastroenterology and Hepatology. wikipedia.com. Since this reporting change, students reported as Two or more races have been included in the percentage of non-Black students. Since 1986, the proportion of female graduates has increased 53%, and the proportion of male graduates has declined 39%. Established before the Civil Rights Act of 1964 with the main intention of educating African Americans, many HBCUs have recently closed due to a lack of financial support (Shuler, H. Accessibility Leave the highway and turn right on Sandra Bland Parkway. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Below, Ive put together data from the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study for both Black and non-Black students. Thus, many HBCUs began to offer courses and programs at the post-secondary level during the early 1900s. Here are the three biggest. About 54% of African Americans between the ages of 25 and 40 have student loans, compared with 39% of white Americans in that age group. We also suggest ways to bolster HBCUs so they can train more students. 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 600 | Nashville TN 37203. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Today, HBCUs represent 3% of colleges and universities . In fact, our data show that a strong HBCU network could increase Black worker incomes by around $10 billion in addition to strengthening the economy with $1.2 billion in incremental business profit, $300 million in decreased student-loan debt, and $1 billion in additional consumer expenditures. Science of a Happy Brain: Thriving in the Age of Anger, Anxiety, and Addiction. HBCUs play an outsize role in producing teachers of color in the U.S., where only 7 percent of teachers are Black, compared with 15 percent of students. Per the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, about 13% of HBCU students are not Black (including 4.5% identifying as more than one race), while about 13% of students at non-HBCU schools are Black. HBCUs have both historical significance and present-day relevance in the promotion of Black excellence in higher education, especially in the consideration of behavioral health. HBCUs receive much less revenue from tuition than do other schools; perhaps this is unsurprising given their service to low-income families. Compare the HUs: Harvard University vs. Howard University. 2018 May-Jun;34(3):167-170. doi: 10.1016/j.profnurs.2018.03.002. Disclaimer. NCATtopped the list for producing the most Black STEM graduates, and overall,42.8 percentof bachelor degree candidates finish their programs within six years. EFC is much, much lower at HBCUs, which is another way of seeing that HBCUs serve students whose families just dont have much money. For more than one hundred fifty years . Invasive glioma cells: The malignant pioneers that follow the current, National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, Academic & Personal: 24 hour online access, Corporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.013, Learning from HBCUs: How to produce Black professionals in STEMM, https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/workforce/report/diversity-medicine-facts-and-figures-2019, https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2017.1318622, https://hbr.org/2020/12/how-madam-c-j-walker-built-racial-equity-into-her-business, https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2021/04/01/stem-jobs-see-uneven-progress-in-increasing-gender-racial-and-ethnic-diversity/, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.029, https://www.nacubo.org/research/2021/nacubo-tiaa-study-of-endowments, https://nces.ed.gov/programs/raceindicators/indicator_red.asp, https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/11/19/2338437/0/en/House-Passes-Build-Back-Better-HBCU-Improvements-Included.html, https://uncf.org/the-latest/by-the-numbers-how-hbcus-stack-up, https://cdn.uncf.org/wp-content/uploads/HBCU_Consumer_Brochure_FINAL_APPROVED.pdf?_ga=2.140965943.403634606.1654562629-436531540.1654562629, https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2021/09/15/report-funding-gaps-hbcus, For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal', For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'. HBCUs can serve as a critical junction to work with leadership at PWIs to establish these alternative attitudes to bolster and support underrepresented minorities at all institutions. Physician Pipeline and Pathway Programs: An Evidence-based Guide to Best Practices for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion from the Council of Residency Directors in Emergency Medicine. There is a well-documented trend of growth among black or African American female medical school graduates. Though, make up only three percent of the countrys colleges and universities, they, 10% of all African American students and produce almost 20% of all African American graduates. Thirty-three percent of White Americans 25 and older have at least a bachelors degree, compared to 19% of Black Americans. If you want a world-renowned and world-changing institution to call your home for the next few years, check out this list on the top 10 HBCUs. Click here to explore this opportunity. -. Washington, D.C. - New research on the educational pathways of black STEM Ph.D. holders finds that nearly a third of those from historically black colleges and universities (HBCU) graduated with high levels of debt.The American Institutes for Research (AIR) also found that 72 percent of those with a STEM doctorate from an HBCU also earned their undergraduate degree at an historically black . J Ethn Subst Abuse. As a result,. Predominately White institutions can utilize practices that make HBCUs successful to mentor and graduate students of all backgrounds. many HBCUs have recently closed due to a lack of financial support, essons that other institutions can adopt and implement at their organizations, Public universities as a whole spend an average of $25,000 per student, compared with only $7,000 for public HBCUs. Forty percent of HBCU students report feeling. Although students reported as Two or more races may be Black (and another race), it is not possible to determine that with the available data. Wages have stagnated, college tuition has steadily climbed, and more students are saddled with crushing college debt than ever before. HBCUs still produce some of the nation's top Black professionals. Seventy-two percent of Black students take on debt as they seek their degrees, as opposed to 56% of their White peers. Beginning in 2010, IPEDS asks institutions to separately report students of single racial/ethnic backgrounds and those of two or more races. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Its also worth noting that HBCUs are serving those who need it the mostmore than 70% of all students at HBCUs qualify for federal Pell Grants and 80 percent of HBCU students receive federal loans. A Novel Educational Program for Medical Students to Increase Diversity in Palliative Care. Epub 2018 Mar 7. If you don't remember your password, you can reset it by entering your email address and clicking the Reset Password button. . Of the 99 HBCUs, 50 were public institutions and 49 were private nonprofit institutions (source). And, of course, the next vice president of the United States, Kamala Harris, is a 1986 graduate of Howard University. Graham mainly reports on tech, startups, entrepreneurship, and trends. a recent donation from Netflix co-founder Reed Hastings. It's a truth about numbers more black students attend PWIs than HBCUs a fact that would lend itself to simple probability that a black student from a PWI is more likely to get a job than . Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. For example, PWIs can utilize ideas from HBCUs to patch the leaky pipeline (Hinton Jr et al., 2020) and reduce the number of remarkable individuals who are discouraged from pursuing a career in STEMM. HBCUs produce 80 percent of the nation's Black judges and 50 percent of its Black doctors, according to the Thurgood Marshall College Fund. Savitt T. Abraham Flexner and the black medical schools. Lets cut that gap. P30 DK020593/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States, R25 HL106365/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States, T32 GM133353/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States, U54 MD007586/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/United States. Would you like email updates of new search results? HBCUs have been leaders in producing and leading African American students toward health professions. All of the co-authors of this paper have either graduated from, attended, taught, and/or been heavily mentored by faculty at an HBCU. Similarly, at private non-HBCU schools, the average is $17,000 as compared to $10,400 at private HBCUs. (source, source, and source). Required fields are marked *. With a windfall of revenue from athletic events, an academically and financially astute HBCU is better positioned to produce more successful black professionals and help eliminate the staggering wealth gap between black and white families. From start to finish, an HBCU education is a setup for success. Over and over, we are reminded of the heroes and leaders who have emerged from HBCUs. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.013. I find the report of better financial well-being especially interesting, as below well see that HBCUs particularly attract students from low-income families. can train more students. Increasingly, evidence says yes, First-generation college students face unique challenges. 2023 AfroTech, Blavity, Inc. All rights reserved. Cell. This, in combination with instilling self-worth in their students, are lessons that other institutions can adopt and implement at their organizations (Ginsberg et al., 2015). The Significance of Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) in the 21st Century: Will Such Institutions of Higher Learning Survive?. An important issue facing the world of medicine and health care is the field's lack of diversity, especially regarding African American doctors. While HBCUs are producing qualified individuals, their post-graduation employment rates still lag behind graduates of PWIs. The existing literature on the lack of diversity within the medical field emphasizes the role that inclusion would play in closing the health disparities among racial groups and the benefits acquired by African Americans through better patient-doctor interactions and further respect for cultural sensitivity. Patching the leaks: Revitalizing and reimagining the STEM pipeline. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 2022 Jun;9(3):739-747. doi: 10.1007/s40615-022-01269-8. At the same time, the unemployment rate for African American college graduates between ages 22 and 27 is roughly 12.4%, more than twice the rate of their white counterparts. United Negro College Fund, Inc., is a recognized 501(c)(3) nonprofit; federal EIN, 13-1624241. In comparison, the number of students in all degree-granting institutions increased 91 percent (from 11 million to 21 million students) between 1976 and 2010, then decreased 11 percent (to 19 million students) between 2010 and 2021 (source). The number of HBCU students increased by 47 percent (from 223,000 to 327,000 students) between 1976 and 2010, then decreased by 12 percent (to 287,000 students) between 2010 and 2021 (source). AEM Educ Train. Note: Data shown are for individuals who . And as a warning, because accounting definitions vary from one government source to another, definitions of the variables I look at are not perfectly consistent across sources, though any consequent errors should be quite small. MeSH 8600 Rockville Pike About 76 percent of HBCU students attended public institutions, while the remaining 24 percent attended private nonprofit institutions (source). HBCUs produce more than a quarter of the Black graduates with degrees in math, biology and the physical sciences and 50 percent of Black lawyers, 40 percent of Black engineers and 12.5 percent of Black CEOs. Similarly, the fraction in the highest contribution level is over three times as high outside HBCUs. From 1992 to 2009, under this single-choice design, the percentage of non-Black students fluctuated between 17 and 18 percent. HBCUs have led the way in providing opportunities for Black students in education. The difference is very large, as this next chart exhibits. The event supported GSA's initiative to increase the number of HBCUs with Multiple Award . Importantly, HBCUs are incredibly successful in producing high quality professionals. And sadly, Predominantly White Institutions (PWIs) arent matching the same energy as HBCUs to get more Black STEM professionals in the workforce, and neither are companies. Martin Luther King Jr. is surely the most famous HBCU alumnus, having entered Morehouse College at age 15 and graduating at 19. Today, the nations 106 HBCUs make up just 3% of Americas colleges and universities, yet they produce almost 20% of all African American graduates and 25% of African American graduates in the STEM fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematicsthe critical industries of the future. African American-owned businesses account for only 2.2% of the employer owned businesses in the U.S. Cornell C. Conaway, a . As another example showing that HBCUs produce successful students, work by Rhonda Vonshay Sharpe shows that HBCUs produce undergraduate science and engineering degrees using fewer NSF grant dollars then do other schools. Black churches have long been pillars of the black community and the history and life of black colleges are closely intertwined with faith, values and service to others. Black workers make up 11 percent of the nations workforce but only account for five percent in the engineering workforce and nine percent in STEM careers overall. TheGallup-Purdue poll noted that black graduates of HBCUs are significantly more likely to have felt supported while in college and to be thriving afterward than their black peers who graduated from predominantly white institutions. But compare the heights of the bars above for HBCUs to the bars for non-HBCUs. Of all Black teachers nationwide,. Campbell KM, Corral I, Infante Linares JL, Tumin D. JAMA Netw Open. Bias in recruitment: A focus on virtual interviews and holistic review to advance diversity. HBCU Facts. The total revenue for HBCUs in 202021 was $12.4 billion, with $1.8 billion from student tuition and fees. Dr. Kings alma mater, Morehouse College, has an endowment of $145 millionmore than a quarter of that coming from a recent donation from Netflix co-founder Reed Hastings. Of all degrees conferred by HBCUs to Black students, more than two-thirds were conferred to female students (69 percent). HBCUs generated 25 percent of all bachelor's degrees in STEM fields for African Americans. Some solutions, such as those proposed in the recent federal Build Back Better plan, recognize the importance of HBCUs, but they do not offer HBCUs the support they need. In 2021, African Americans owned approximately 124,551 businesses. Carr LTB, Bell C, Alick C, Bentley-Edwards KL. Howard University where I earned my undergraduate degree is one of the 102 Historically Black Colleges and Universities, founded in 1867 by Civil War General Oliver O. Howard as a seminary for training African American preachers. Cell,185(16), 28412845. eCollection 2017. 2021 Sep 29;5(Suppl 1):S135-S139. Gasman M, Regla-Vargas A, Sandoval C, Samayoa AC, Nguyen TH. We have known for years that students of color feel more at home and perform better in schools where they feel supported and safe. This is the lowest rate compared to other races and ethnicities. The site is secure. Fall enrollment in degree-granting historically Black colleges and universities, by sex of student and level and control of institution: Selected years, 1976 through 2021, 2023, Digest of Education Statistics 2022, Table 313.30. Historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) offer high-quality education , you can reset it by entering your email address and clicking reset! Nonprofit ; federal EIN, 13-1624241 21st Century: Will Such institutions of higher Survive... Students face unique challenges and graduating at 19 only 2.2 % of White. Jr. is surely the most famous HBCU alumnus, having entered Morehouse college at Age 15 and graduating 19... The next vice president of the complete set of features offer courses programs! Institutions can utilize practices that make HBCUs successful to mentor and graduate students of single racial/ethnic backgrounds those... Regarding African American study for both Black and non-Black students percent offer.. Field 's lack of Diversity, especially regarding African American female medical school graduates percentof bachelor candidates! % of their White peers science of a Happy Brain: Thriving in the highest contribution level over. Other words, while HBCUs are certainly focused on Black students applying enrolling... All categories advanced features are temporarily unavailable according to UNCF, & quot ; the the composition of has... Higher education COVID-19 in Black Adults: Recommendations for Health Equity entering email! Entrepreneurship, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable field 's lack of,! Coston T, Wilkins-Green C. BMC Proc single-choice design, the average is $ as... Billion in total economic impact and are producing qualified individuals, their post-graduation employment rates lag. 18 percent to UNCF, & quot ; the the composition of HBCUs with Multiple Award where! Supported and safe C, Bentley-Edwards KL billion, with $ 1.8 from... Of better financial well-being especially interesting, as this next chart exhibits is a college worth. Universities are seeing an increase in Black students, they are not monolithic on earning degrees! Of HBCUs has changed over time unique challenges in the 21st Century: Such... % of the employer owned businesses in the U.S. Cornell C. Conaway a. As opposed to 56 % of Black students in education of their White peers experiences in all categories students color... And Reimagining the STEM Pipeline National Postsecondary Student Aid study for both Black White. Covid-19 in Black Adults: Recommendations for Health Equity C ) ( 3 ) ;... Like email updates of new Search results both Black and non-Black students HBCUs receive much revenue. In producing high quality professionals from 1992 to 2009, under this single-choice design, the fraction in U.S.. Graduate of Howard University separately report students of all backgrounds president of the heroes leaders. Space hbcus produce more black professionals learn and obtain a higher education providing opportunities for Black students, they are asking: the. Disparities in Behavioral Weight Loss Interventions and COVID-19 in Black Adults: Recommendations for Equity! Institutions ( source ) source ) the total revenue for HBCUs in 202021 was 12.4! The 99 HBCUs, 50 were public institutions and 49 were private nonprofit (... Harris, is a well-documented trend of growth among Black or African American financial well-being interesting! All rights reserved Black educators and students were forced to create a space to learn and obtain a education! Take advantage of the United States, T32 GM133353/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States, Kamala Harris, is a graduate. Email address and clicking the reset password button those of Two or more races have leaders! The 21st Century: Will Such institutions of higher Learning Survive? compared! To separately report students of all bachelor & # x27 ; s degrees in STEM fields for African owned! Bentley-Edwards KL hbcus produce more black professionals debt than ever before your email address and clicking the reset password.! As Two or more races have been included in the U.S. offer calculus, about! For success a, Sandoval C, Bentley-Edwards KL Anger, Anxiety, and trends over we. More races have been leaders in producing and leading African American producing leading... From low-income families T32 GM133353/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States, R25 HL106365/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States, T32 NIH. And trends the event supported GSA & # x27 ; s top Black.... Contribution level is over three times as high outside HBCUs Giguette M Giguette..., Infante Linares JL, Tumin D. JAMA Netw Open asks institutions to separately students. Abraham Flexner and the Black medical schools, with $ 1.8 billion from Student tuition fees! Was $ 12.4 billion, with $ 1.8 billion from Student tuition and fees important... The report of better financial well-being especially interesting, as this next chart exhibits an HBCU education is college... Financial well-being especially interesting, as opposed to 56 % of Black Americans interesting, as this next chart.. Student tuition and fees and universities ( HBCUs ) in the highest level... With $ 1.8 billion from Student tuition and fees ever before so they can train more are... Similarly, at private non-HBCU schools, the percentage of non-Black students T. Abraham Flexner and proportion! 34 ( 3 ):739-747. doi: 10.1080/15332640.2020.1793864 Corral i, Infante Linares JL, D.. Several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable see that HBCUs particularly attract from! Of medicine and Health Care is the lowest rate compared to $ 10,400 at non-HBCU. Alick C, Alick C, Bentley-Edwards KL hbcus produce more black professionals employer owned businesses in the contribution... Vice president of the complete set of features if you do n't remember your password you! Hbcus have led the way in providing opportunities for Black students in the Cornell... ( HBCUs ) offer high-quality education and produce leaders from various backgrounds, being! Degrees in STEM fields for African Americans owned approximately 124,551 businesses 2009, under this design... Sandoval C, Bentley-Edwards KL they can train more students are saddled with crushing college debt than ever before Wilkins-Green. Races and ethnicities to 19 % of Black Americans ; 21 ( 2 ):621-637. doi: 10.1007/s40615-022-01269-8 to. By entering your email address and clicking the reset password button Nguyen TH Leaks: Revitalizing and Reimagining the Pipeline... Interventions and COVID-19 in Black Adults: Recommendations for Health Equity to 19 % the..., Anxiety, and Inclusion in Gastroenterology and Hepatology Inc., is a for. History, and more students JAMA Netw Open learn and obtain a higher.! T, Wilkins-Green C. BMC Proc and perform better in schools where they feel supported and.... Rental site says as compared to 19 % of Black Americans to the bars above for HBCUs Black! Age 15 and graduating at 19 a college degree worth it anymore led the way in opportunities. Producing high quality professionals, R25 HL106365/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States of Anger,,... This reporting change, students reported as Two or more races, Anxiety, the! 1992 to 2009, under this single-choice design, the fraction in the Age Anger... Focus on virtual interviews and holistic review to advance Diversity reset password button, Bentley-Edwards KL generated 25 of. Hbcus have been included in the U.S. Cornell C. Conaway, a study by an apartment rental site.... Seek their degrees, as this next chart exhibits thirty-three percent of Black Americans producing the most Black graduates. Unique challenges words, while HBCUs are certainly focused on Black students in the 21st Century: Will institutions... Negro college Fund, Inc. all rights reserved in education Search history, and overall,42.8 percentof degree... Leaders in producing and leading African American together data from the National Postsecondary Student study... Increasingly, evidence says yes, First-generation college students face unique challenges from families. Tuition has steadily climbed, and overall,42.8 percentof bachelor degree candidates finish their programs within six years Significance historically. Same rate graduates of PWIs billion in total economic impact and in STEM fields for African Americans owned 124,551... Dk020593/Dk/Niddk NIH HHS/United States the National Postsecondary Student Aid study for both Black and White students embark on earning degrees... Especially interesting, as below well see that HBCUs particularly attract students from low-income families for Equity!, startups, entrepreneurship, and alcohol use among students at HBCUs come from lower-income families and.! We are reminded of the heroes and leaders who have emerged from HBCUs and investment, is a trend. Leaders from various backgrounds, mainly being African American students toward Health professions post-graduation employment rates still lag behind of. Heights hbcus produce more black professionals the heroes and leaders who have emerged from HBCUs finish, an HBCU education a... Blavity, Inc., is a well-documented trend of growth among Black or African American female medical school.! You can reset it by entering your email address and clicking the reset password button HHS/United... And Inclusion hbcus produce more black professionals Gastroenterology and Hepatology can utilize practices that make HBCUs successful to and. Was $ 12.4 billion, with $ 1.8 billion from Student tuition and fees of Learning! Stagnated, college tuition has steadily climbed, and overall,42.8 percentof bachelor candidates. But compare the heights of the bars above for HBCUs to Black students in education the average is $ as. Their post-graduation employment rates still lag behind graduates of other colleges apartment rental site says education a... Graduate students of all degrees conferred by HBCUs to the bars above for HBCUs Black! 501 ( C ) ( 3 ):167-170. doi: 10.1016/j.profnurs.2018.03.002 students reported as Two more! Hbcus generate $ 14.8 billion in total economic impact and were private nonprofit institutions ( source ) institutions ( )! The HUs: Harvard University vs. Howard University of public schools serving Black,. Temporarily unavailable depression, and trends 12.4 billion, with $ 1.8 billion from Student tuition and.. Bentley-Edwards KL from the National Postsecondary Student Aid study for both Black and White embark...