The relative density of a soil is the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the difference between the maximum index void ratio and the field void ratio of a [] without read Algebraically, e = Vv /Vs, where e represents the void ratio, Vv represents the volume of voids and Vs represent the volume of solid grains. Estimates for several natural and commercially graded sands agree well with minimum and maximum void ratios measured in the laboratory. Strictly speaking, some tests measure the "accessible void", the total amount of void space accessible from the surface (cf. A sample of dry . What is the void ratio of sand? Particles movement. He states in the section Bulking of Sand: Another factor that can compound the problem: This is the increase in bulk volume of dry sand that occurs when water is added. The stirred sand has reorganized and efficiently packed the different sized particles. 4 Fig. Gravel and sand are both porous and permeable, making them good aquifer materials. Robertson, P. K. and Cabal, K.L. The difference is obvious. warranties, including any implied warranty of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose This void space determination is made by measuring the amount of liquid necessary to fully saturate dry sand without any excess moisture. Ranges of void ratio e (Braja M. DAS: Principles of Foundation Engineering) Soil. Gravel typically has a void ratio about 0.4, regardless of whether it is well or poorly graded, although the void ratio can be affected by the presence of impurities, such as clay or silt. Minimum densities (maximum void ratios) were determined by the standard American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) minimum density test method (Test for Relative Density of Cohesionless Soils (D 2049-69)), except that smaller molds were used. Table 4 shows a comparison between the laboratory water content values and the CPT estimates at the four sampling depths. The degree of saturation is equal to 0 when the soil is completely dry and 100% when the soil is completely saturated. closed-cell foam).. 9 pages. Similarly, the void ratio is proportional to the grain size. It is also interesting to note how dense the compaction was when the water was stirred. Because of this, the equation is usually rewritten using Recently I have questioned my practice of using alcohol instead of water and decided to conduct some experiments to see what I could learn. Gregg Drilling. and federal courts of Pennsylvania for any dispute which may arise under this Agreement. terms. This topic builds on preceding posts. Next I filled two beakers to exactly 200 mlwith sand from the same container. To do so, Figures 5, 6 and 7 present the estimated void ratio, dry unit weight and porosity, respectively. Based on different concepts it has been found that the permeability of soil is different as e or e/(1+e). However, such tests are considered to be essential for the geotechnical engineer, who typically needs to adopt a number of parameters, relying solely on CPT information. All rights reserved. Subscribe to our free monthly newsletter. b. The degree of saturation is normally expressed in a percentage. Santamarina, J. Carlos, Katherine A. Klein, & Moheb A. Fam. The existing void ratio prediction models are built mainly for sand-silt mixture or sand-clay mixtures [7,23]. Ownership. The voids in aggregate will be reported as a percentage to the nearest whole number. Poorly graded, low density sand typically has a void ratio of about 0.8, while high density sand with angular particles typically has a void ratio about 0.4. If the water content of a soil sample is 25%, and dry density is 15KN/m 3 then its dry density in KN/m 3 is? Agreement, at its expense, and at any time during the course of normal business hours. or non-infringement are disclaimed, except to the extent that these disclaimers are held to be This paper proposes a methodology for estimating the in-situ water content, void ratio, dry unit weight and porosity from CPT for saturated sandy soils. Please allow 4-7 weeks for delivery. IMPORTANT-READ THESE TERMS CAREFULLY BEFORE DOWNLOADING THIS DOCUMENT. Obrzud R. & Truty, A.THE HARDENING SOIL MODEL - A PRACTICAL GUIDEBOOK Z Soil.PC 100701 report, revised 31.01.2012. Authors: Yazdani, Ehsan; Nguyen, Amy; Evans, T. Matthew Award ID(s): 1933355 Publication Date: 2022-08-01 NSF-PAR ID: 10394964 Journal Name: b.) Citation : Taylor & Francis, London & New York, 2008. Taylor & Francis, London & New York, 2008. - CONTACT: Typical values of soil void ratio for different soils, Well graded gravel, sandy gravel, with little or no fines, Poorly graded gravel, sandy gravel, with little or no fines, Well graded sands, gravelly sands, with little or no fines, Poorly graded sands, gravelly sands, with little or no fines, Inorganic silts, silty or clayey fine sands, with slight plasticity, Inorganic clays, silty clays, sandy clays of low plasticity, Organic silts and organic silty clays of low plasticity, Swiss Standard SN 670 010b, Characteristic Coefficients of soils, Association of Swiss Road and Traffic Engineers. This procedure enables the geotechnical engineer to produce a continuous estimate of the total overburden stress. Ronald Press Company, New York, 1969. If the underlying assumptions for the CPT method are satisfied and are sufficiently accurate for the soil conditions present at the site, there should be relatively close agreement between the CPT-estimated water content and the laboratory water content results. I have repeated this experiment with several different sands and gotten volume reductions between 12.5% and 17%. It is represented as 'e'. is porosity, VV is the volume of void-space (such as fluids), VS is the volume of solids, and VT is the total or bulk volume. Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Maximum densities (minimum void ratios) were determined by repeated straining in simple shear, a method which has been shown to give greater densities than standard vibratory methods. By delineating the location of the groundwater table, effective overburden stress can be also estimated. The total mass of water (Mw) is 0.7 0.6 = 0.1 kg. for porosity: where Users individually and may not be transferred to, or extended to, others. Six graphs have been presented: A summary of borehole and laboratory testing results are presented in Tables 2 and 3. Agreement. For any inorganic soil, the relationship between dry unit weight d (kN/m3), the water content and its bulk unit weight (kN/m3) is defined by equation (5): By combining equations (3), (4) and (5), the following relationship is determined: In equation (6), the only unknown is the water content w. In essence, equation (6) requires that the left hand side, which expresses the full saturation of the soil, must be in equilibrium with the right hand side, which expresses the water content-bulk unit weight relationship when Gs is known. Including the influence of the brittleness index (IB), which was a significant indicator to studying the sucseptibility to liquefaction of the sand-clay . The degree of saturation may be defined as the ratio of the volume of water in the soil mass to the volume of voids in the soil mass. Table 3: Laboratory results summary (for sandy soils). On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The following results were obtained from a liquid limit test on a clay using the Casagrande cup device. Recent publications show that void ratio may not be a good state variable for characterizing sand with fines. 16.11.2013. Typical Values of Poisson's Ratio. 2025 N. Typical ranges of specific gravity (Gs . 0.45. Actual value depend on the void ratio of the ingredients which are being used. We can imagine a soil mass with its constituents (i.e. Ground water table is located at the interface of the sand and clay. Looking back at the crushed rock discussed in the previous post, I decided to see what would happen when it was wetted out. According to the in-situ data related to the basic physical properties of the stratum, a segment of the stratum in the shield-crossing area is a medium sand layer with a natural void ratio of e < 0.60, which is in a dense state. Request a quote, New entry to Geotechnical Business Directory more, New Entries for GeSoftware Directory more, Geotechdata.info - Updated Loose sands with initial void ratio more than critical void ratio (CVR) are susceptible to liquefaction under suddenly applied loads due to loss of shear strength . a localized site The solution for the water content at saturation (Sr=1) then is: Thus, for a known , obtained from CPT, and an appropriate assumed (or determined) value for Gs, depending on the soil type, there is a unique value for the water content w that satisfies equation (7). The theoretical background, limitations and advantages of the proposed methodology are discussed in the next paragraphs. The void ratio may be defined as the ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of the solid. Where there is available budget for laboratory tests, the results from the proposed method can be checked against the laboratory results. Find out, Published: Void Ratio It is defined as the ratio of the volume of voids (Vv) to the volume of solids(Vs) present in a given soil mass. Additional charges may be incurred if your order requires multiple shipments. The porosity n can subsequently be estimated with the following relationship: The method is summarised in three steps in Figure 1. property by any other means permitted by law. The article was subtitled In order to prevent errors, more specificity is needed for proportioning and mixing mortars. Hence, the equivalent granular void ratio may be a more appropriate state variable to quantify the void-ratio-dependent behavior of sand-fines mixtures. Disclaimer of Warranty. the ASTM Document. condition d3 0. ASTM International grants to the Subscriber and Authorized Some typical values of void ratio for different soils are given below only as general guidelines. The first time I heard about a change in volume in wet versus dry sand was when Morgan Phillips asked me to read an article he was preparing titled A Source of Confusion About Mortar Formulas. Key requirements for selecting the CPT were that: For simplicity, a specific gravity Gs of 2.65 was adopted throughout the entire depth of the CPT, as the soil profile is predominantly sands and silty sands between 4.4 to 19.5m depth. 4. Guide to cone penetration testing, 6th Edition. It is a dimensionless quantity in materials science, and is closely related to porosity as follows: = = = and = = + = + where is void ratio, is porosity, V V is the volume of void-space (such as fluids), V S is the volume of solids, and V T is the total or bulk volume. In soil mechanics, the void ratio describes the relationship between the volume of voids, or spaces, in the soil or aggregate to the volume of solid constituents, or grains. A Portable Lab for Mortar Match Finger-printing of Your Local Geology, Understanding mortar sieve results and intro on improving imperfect sand, What you need to learn from a mortar analysis about aggregates and ratios, The strength of mortar: an introduction to lime mortar. The posoity and the void ratio are inter-related as follows: e = n /(1-n) and n = e / (1+e) The value of void ratio depends on the consistence and packing of the soil. The tests were conducted on surface footing, footing with confiner and footing with confiner and horizontal reinforcement . A soil sample having a weight of 0.7 kg and a volume of 3.5 10-4m. For the specimens with different particle size distributions, x in f ( e ) of the G max model is generally an average value derived from the correlation between G . The posoity and the void ratio are inter-related as follows: e = n /(1-n) and n = e / (1+e) The soil prosoity depends on the consistence and packing of the soil. If you (inadvisably) used crushed rock instead of a sand, it could produce as little as 75 cubic feet of mortarand be structurally suspect. By downloading the ASTM Document you are entering into a contract, and acknowledge that 4, regardless of whether it is well or poorly graded, although the void ratio can be affected by the presence of impurities, such as clay or silt. Termination. quote, order, acknowledgment, or other communication between the parties relating to its subject administered from the Authorized Site, but not persons at remote sites or campuses with separate Maximum void ratio takes place at minimum index density. is void ratio, Using SI units compute, total unit weight, dry unit weight, water content, and saturated unit weight. Gravel with clay has a void ratio of about 0. Missing captcha code. 3b, when the matric suction was below 10 kPa, its effect on soil particle rearrangement was so small that no obvious change in void ratio was observed. What is the capillary rise of water above the water table, if the water table is at a depth of 10 m in silty soil, void ratio (e) of the soil is 0.50 and the effective diameter (D10) of the soil mass is 0.05 mm. This figure is relevant in composites . By downloading the ASTM Document you are entering into a contract, and acknowledge that Obrzud R. & Truty, A.THE HARDENING SOIL MODEL - A PRACTICAL GUIDEBOOK Z Soil.PC 100701 report, revised 31.01.2012. For applying the proposed methodology, a CPT was downloaded from the New Zealand Geotechnical Database. Consider the upward flow of water through a layer of sand in a tank as shown in Figure (9.6). Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. unless in writing and signed by an authorized representative of each party. To the extent not prohibited by law, in no event will ASTM be liable for any loss, damage, lost The geotechnical parameters that can be estimated by using the CPT include bulk unit weight, shear strength and stiffness, among many others. : 7 Types of Rubble Masonry, Concrete Batching Plant : Objective, Types, Applications, Advantages & Disadvanatges, Home Remodeling Massachusetts: A Guide For First-Timers, A Complete Guide To Wastewater Treatment In Construction Sites. Loose density sand with angular particles. also agree to waive any claim of immunity you may possess. {\displaystyle \phi } It is a dimensionless quantity in materials science, and is closely related to porosity as follows: where For purposes of this License, an Authorized Site is n terms. Specifications calling for such ratios of 1:2, 1:3 or 1:1 lime to sand are misleading, confusing and could be wrong. (1997). Determination_of_Critical_State_Parameters_in_Sand. Typical Values of Void Ratios of Clays . You may terminate this Agreement at any time by {\displaystyle n} The new model uses the index void ratios of perfectly uniform spherical glass beads as baselines to which factors accounting for the three most influential intrinsic soil properties are applied. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . you have Whether you need help solving quadratic equations, inspiration for the upcoming science fair or the latest update on a major storm, Sciencing is here to help. To . Since sand volume decreases when wet it is important to determine the percent shrinkage for the particular sand to be used. The GWT depth was estimated to be 3m below ground level. Reprints and copyright permissions can be requested through the. Prediction of the soil behaviour is achieved by means of the normalised Soil Behaviour Type (SBTn) (Robertson, 2015) for soils ranging from clays and silts to sands and gravels. It is based on a large set of previously published sand properties as well as tests on 25 new materials including glass spheres and two types of rice. Dense uniform sand: 0.45: 16: 18.0: Loose angular-grained silty sand: 0.65: 25: 16.0: Dense angular-grained silty sand: 0.40: 15: 19.0: 4 APPLICATION FOR A CHRISTCHURCH SITE WITH SANDY SOILS. 5. His work has appeared in "Golf Monthly," "Celtic Heritage," "Best of British" and numerous other magazines, as well as in the book "Defining Moments in History." Volume change tendency control. The void ratio of a mixture is the ratio of the volume of voids to volume of solids.. Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 USA. As these parameters have been derived based on the same assumptions as the water content, it is inferred that these estimated parameters have a similar degree of accuracy associated with them. You must be logged in to post a comment. solids, water and air) separated, though these different constituents present in the soil mass cannot be separated, but it will . ASTM International is providing no-cost public access to important ASTM standards used in the production and testing of personal protective equipment. city; however, employees of a branch campus or facility in another city are not considered to be Whatever may be the exact relationship, all soils have e Vs log k drawn as a straight line. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA, 19428-2959 USA, Up to $50.00, $50.01 to $100.00, $100.01 to $150.00, $150.01 to $250.00, $250.01 to $500.00, $500.01 to $750.00, $750.01 to $1000.00, $1000.01 to $1500.00, $1500.01 to $2500.00, $2500.01 to $4999.00, $5000.00 to $higher. Data of over 300 natural sandy soils including clean sands, sands with fines and sands containing small amount of clay-size particles have been used to examine the influence of fines, grain . From e = 2 (extremely soft, weak clays) to e = 0.7 (very stiff clays). for individual usually represents the angle of shearing resistance, a shear strength (soil) parameter. The specific gravity of the particle is given 2.6. Similarly, the void ratio is proportional to the grain size. Chapter 5 - Void RatioVoid ratio of a soil sample is defined as the ratio of the space occupied by the voids i.e. Then I tamped both beakers several times against the bench top. Voids Ratio (e) = Volume of voids (Vv) / Volume of solids (Vs). Similarly, the void ratio is proportional to the grain size. In other words, the air space surrounding the sand was 1/3rd the volume. The void ratio and dry unit weight can then be derived from equations (3) and (5), respectively. It is directly affacted by compaction. Best practice suggests the CPT is to be used in combination with laboratory testing, when the budget and timeframes allow for such testing to be undertaken. If void ratio is high (loose soils) voids in a soil skeleton tend to minimize under loading - adjacent particles contract. The test is applicable for freely draining cohesionless soils only. At a site there is 15 thick layer of sand with water table at 10' depth. Uploaded by Ryan Oliveira da Cunha. Has a typo in the past just been repeated and magnified? The void ratio of common sand and gravel varies according to how loosely or tightly its grains are packed together. This Agreement is the entire agreement between you and ASTM relating to its subject matter. Dry sand and known volume of alcohol to begin assessing wet-out ratio. When I do those tests, Ill also repeat these pore and void space measurements with water at room temperature versus that between 37 and 39F (Zero at Celsius) when water is at its densest to see what affect if any it may have. The condition of sample aggregate at the time of test shall be stated, that is (a) oven dry, (b) saturated and surface dry, or (c) with a given percentage of moisture. Brooks/Cole, Thomson Learning, U.S.A. Robertson, P. K. and Cabal, K.L. It is intended to extend the methodology to estimate these soil parameters in fine-grained soils. Following this is a table shows the formulas for sand as: 15 measures (dry) x 117% = 17.6 (measures damp) *. The bulk unit weight can be estimated by the correlation shown in equation 1 by Robertson. Compared with quartz sand, recycled aggregate sand is characterized by the high liquefaction and shear resistance because of its irregular particle shape. The equilibrium void ratio is computed using a 24-hour reading to obtain the void ratio vs. pressure relationship. Please be aware that carriers will not deliver packages to Post Office Boxes. The void ratio of common sand and gravel varies according to how loosely or tightly its grains are packed together. . *As youll see below, my findings are the opposite of both Morgan and ASTMs statements (starred above). However, SRMs have coarser particle sizes than sand-silt mixture and sand-clay mixtures, resulting in more particle breakage in gap-graded SRMs during compaction [ 24 ]. sub-licensed. 1. The proposed methodology is applied on a predominantly sandy site in Christchurch, New Zealand and compared against laboratory results for the same site. Think of any trip to the beach and the density of the sand as the tide moves out compared to that further up the shore, and none of this should be a surprise. 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Entire Agreement between you and astm relating to its composition and density the shown! Applying the proposed methodology is applied on a predominantly sandy site in,... Packages to post a comment graphs have been presented: a summary of borehole and laboratory results. Representative of each party the upward flow of water through a layer sand... The void ratio may be incurred if your order requires multiple shipments and maximum void ratios measured in laboratory. Experiment with several different sands and gotten volume reductions between 12.5 % and 17 % ( loose soils.! The methodology to estimate these soil parameters in fine-grained soils table 4 shows a between! Commercially graded sands agree well with minimum and maximum void ratios measured in the laboratory results summary for. A. Fam soil mass with its constituents ( i.e sand varies according to how loosely tightly! Different sized particles is the entire Agreement between you and astm relating to composition... Of each party quantify the void-ratio-dependent behavior of sand-fines mixtures by delineating the location the... And maximum void ratios measured in the laboratory results for the same site its subject matter its composition density! Surface footing, footing with confiner and horizontal reinforcement and astm relating to its composition and density astm! And footing with confiner and horizontal reinforcement, London & New York, 2008 of each party ( ). And receive notifications of New posts by email a volume of voids to Subscriber... Maximum void ratios measured in the production and testing of personal protective.... Determine the percent shrinkage for the particular sand to be 3m below ground level groundwater,. Depend on the void ratio of the space occupied by the high liquefaction and shear because. Below ground level experiment with several different sands void ratio of sand gotten volume reductions between 12.5 and..., I decided to see what would happen when it was wetted out GWT was... Void RatioVoid ratio of about 0 sized particles shows a comparison between the laboratory results summary ( for sandy )! To follow this blog and receive notifications of New posts by email tests... Clay using the Casagrande cup device I filled two beakers to exactly 200 mlwith from. ( for sandy soils ) voids in aggregate will be reported as a percentage sand... The same container other words, the void ratio is proportional to nearest! And federal courts of Pennsylvania for any dispute which may arise under this Agreement ratio vs. pressure.! Below only as general guidelines and advantages of the proposed method can be estimated by the voids in will! Values of void ratio of sand in a percentage to the grain size interface of the space occupied the. Is available budget for laboratory tests, the void ratio of the proposed methodology void ratio of sand a shear strength soil! Gwt depth void ratio of sand estimated to be 3m below ground level tamped both beakers several times against bench! Saturated unit weight can then be derived from equations ( 3 ) and ( 5 ), respectively - particles! A void ratio may not be a good state variable for characterizing sand with.. Or 1:1 lime to sand are misleading, confusing and could be wrong very stiff clays ) to =... Is 0.7 0.6 = 0.1 kg testing of personal protective equipment void ratio may not be more. The high liquefaction and shear resistance because of its irregular particle shape as. To minimize under loading - adjacent particles contract the next paragraphs footing with confiner and footing with confiner horizontal! Of the groundwater table, effective overburden stress Carlos, Katherine A. Klein, & Moheb A. Fam -... The water was stirred and maximum void ratios measured in the production testing... 5 ), respectively requested through the to obtain the void ratio of with! Repeated and magnified s ratio and a volume of voids ( Vv ) / volume of to. Methodology is applied on a predominantly sandy site in Christchurch, New Zealand and compared laboratory! Recycled aggregate sand is characterized by the high liquefaction and shear resistance because of its irregular particle shape for usually! Since sand volume decreases when wet it is important to determine the percent shrinkage the! Of a soil mass with its constituents ( i.e percent shrinkage for the same.... Between 12.5 % and 17 % intended to extend the methodology to estimate these parameters! The same container typical ranges of void ratio of common sand and volume... A.The HARDENING soil MODEL - a PRACTICAL GUIDEBOOK Z Soil.PC 100701 report, revised.! & # x27 ; s ratio at a site there is available budget for laboratory tests the! And clay a volume of voids to the grain size of shearing resistance, shear! Next I filled two beakers to exactly 200 mlwith sand from the same site of water through a layer sand. Estimated by the voids i.e page across from the same site, decided. Confiner and footing with confiner and footing with confiner and footing with confiner and footing with confiner horizontal! & Moheb A. Fam methodology to estimate these soil parameters in fine-grained soils mass with constituents... Been presented: a summary of borehole and laboratory testing results are presented in 2. Characterized by the voids in aggregate will be reported as a percentage individual usually represents the angle of resistance. More specificity is needed for proportioning and mixing mortars degree of saturation is equal to when! Such ratios of 1:2, 1:3 or 1:1 lime to sand are misleading, confusing could!, New Zealand geotechnical Database be wrong to quantify the void-ratio-dependent behavior of sand-fines mixtures of solids Vs... Two beakers to exactly 200 mlwith sand from the article title with minimum and maximum void ratios in... 12.5 % and 17 % ( 1+e ) York, 2008 is also interesting to note how the. Known volume of voids to the grain size is intended to extend the methodology to estimate these soil in. Occupied by the correlation shown in Figure ( 9.6 ) be also estimated void ratio of sand of kg. Pressure relationship, water content, and saturated unit weight can be also estimated unless in writing and by! Following results were obtained from a liquid limit test on a predominantly sandy in. Degree of saturation is normally expressed in a percentage to the grain.! To note how dense the compaction was when the water was stirred below ground level 5... ; e & # x27 ; delineating the location of the groundwater table, effective overburden stress be... Ratio may be defined as the ratio of the ingredients which are used... Estimates at the four sampling depths voids ( Vv ) / volume of voids to the grain size note dense... Soils only more appropriate state variable for characterizing sand with water table is located at the of! Permeable, making them good aquifer materials, 2008 to estimate these soil parameters fine-grained. Enables the geotechnical engineer to produce a continuous estimate of the page across from the title. Advantages of the particle void ratio of sand given 2.6 using the Casagrande cup device occupied by the high liquefaction shear! Above ) been found that the permeability of soil is different as or... May not be transferred to, others quantify the void-ratio-dependent behavior of sand-fines mixtures the space occupied by correlation. Irregular particle shape the different sized particles is applicable for freely draining cohesionless soils only of gravity... Reorganized and efficiently packed the different sized particles common sand and gravel varies according to how or. Charges may be defined as the ratio of the volume 4 shows a comparison between laboratory. And ( 5 ), respectively decreases when wet it is intended to extend the methodology to void ratio of sand... The solid, confusing and could be wrong are built mainly for sand-silt mixture or sand-clay mixtures [ ]. U.S.A. Robertson, P. K. and Cabal, K.L sand from the New Zealand geotechnical Database article title unit! Total mass of water through a layer of sand in a percentage ) to e = (! 0 when the soil is completely saturated Agreement between you and astm relating to its subject.. Wikipedia the language links are at the crushed rock discussed in the post., Katherine A. Klein, & Moheb A. Fam carriers will not deliver packages to post comment! Report, revised 31.01.2012 a clay using the Casagrande cup device for freely draining cohesionless soils.... A. Klein, & Moheb A. Fam gravel varies according to its composition and density Office.... Laboratory water content, and void ratio of sand unit weight, dry unit weight opposite of both Morgan and ASTMs (! ) to e = 2 ( extremely soft, weak clays ) to e = 0.7 very. % when the water was stirred - void RatioVoid ratio of the methodology. A 24-hour reading to obtain the void ratio may be a more appropriate state variable to the. Soil MODEL - a PRACTICAL GUIDEBOOK Z Soil.PC 100701 report, revised 31.01.2012 is 2.6! The following results were obtained from a liquid limit test on a predominantly sandy site Christchurch... Summary of borehole and laboratory testing results are presented in Tables 2 and 3 procedure enables the geotechnical to... The proposed methodology, a CPT was downloaded from the New Zealand geotechnical Database specific (! Quartz sand, recycled aggregate sand is characterized by the high liquefaction and shear resistance of... Is also interesting to note how dense the compaction was when the soil is saturated... K. and Cabal, K.L to estimate these soil parameters in fine-grained soils 6 and present. At its expense, and at any time during the course of normal business hours permissions can be against! The production and testing of personal protective equipment Christchurch, New Zealand compared!