Without his protector in power, Pilate made a major error and suppressed a small uprising in Samaria. [68] Bond argues that the number of Galileans killed does not seem to have been particularly high. "[291] Other scholars have argued that Pilate was simply culturally insensitive in his interactions with the Jews and in this way a typical Roman official. The (partially reconstructed) inscription is as follows:[106], Vardaman "freely" translates it as follows: "Tiberium [?of the Caesareans?] He also finds historical the information that their relationship mended following the execution of Jesus. The angel said to the women, Do not be afraid; for I know that you are looking for Jesus who has been crucified. So Pontius may have come from Pontus, an ancient land in Northeast Asia Minor (present-day Turkey). Many of these legends connected Pilate's place of birth or death to particular locations around Western Europe, such as claiming his body was buried in a particularly dangerous or cursed local area. [268] In the 1973 film Jesus Christ Superstar, based on the 1970 rock opera, the trial of Jesus takes place in the ruins of a Roman theater, suggesting the collapse of Roman authority and "the collapse of all authority, political or otherwise". But fear of forfeiting his political power kept Pilate from issuing a just verdict. Josephus tells us more. The cities of Lyon and Vienne in modern France claim to be Pilate's birthplace: Vienne has a Maison de Pilate, a Prtoire de Pilate and a Tour de Pilate. According to Josephus, Pilate was especially insensitive and oppressive toward the Jews, seeking to abolish their peculiar laws and offending them by displaying in Jerusalem imperial banners bearing the image of Caesar ( Ant 18.3.1; War 2.9.2). According to Flavius Josephus, Pilates supporter, Sejanus, was murdered later. [234] The 1517 Alsfelder Passionsspiel portrays Pilate as condemning Christ to death out of fear of losing Herod's friendship and to earn the Jews' good will, despite his long dialogues with the Jews in which he professes Christ's innocence. He expresses disgust at the Jewish authorities' treatment of Jesus when Jesus is brought before him and offers Jesus a drink of water. [257] Because he betrayed his desire to follow his morality and free Jesus, Pilate must suffer for eternity. He was an officer of the Roman empire, serving as procurator, or prefect, of Judea, managing the. He is not here, for He has risen, just as He said. Her grand-father was the notorious King Herod, who executed most of his family and was said to have murdered the Innocents when Jesus was born. The year is AD28. His characterization in these plays varies greatly, from weak-willed and coerced into crucifying Jesus to being an evil person who demands Jesus's crucifixion. [176] Per a local legend,[180] the village of Fortingall in Scotland claims to be Pilate's birthplace, but this is almost certainly a 19th-century inventionparticularly as the Romans did not invade the British Isles until 43. Due to the Gospels' portrayal of Pilate as reluctant to execute Jesus, the Ethiopian Church believes that Pilate became a Christian and venerates him as both a martyr and a saint, a belief which is historically shared by the Coptic Church. [214] Images of Pilate were printed in the Biblia pauperum ("Bibles of the Poor"), picture bibles focusing on the life of Christ, as well as the Speculum Humanae Salvationis ("Mirror of Human Salvation"), which continued to be printed into the sixteenth century. Responding to Celsus, the Christian apologist Origen, writing c.248 AD, argued that nothing bad happened to Pilate, because the Jews and not Pilate were responsible for Jesus' death; he therefore also assumed that Pilate did not die a shameful death. [44] He also would have toured around the province in order to hear cases and administer justice. Because of this subject matter, the Master has been attacked for "Pilatism" by the Soviet literary establishment. He became famous for the trial and crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth (c. 30 CE). Pontius Pilate was the Roman official who gave the final order for the crucifixion. Eusebius reported that Pontius Pilate committed suicide during the reign of Caius or Emperor Caligula. He seeks to expose and refute harmful myths, misinterpretations . Pontius Pilate, therefore, by the command of Csar, is taken and brought through to Rome. He provoked both Jews and Samaritans to rioting during his tenure, and he later had to stand trial in Rome for cruelty and oppression. His famous father, Herod the Great had also passed away. (" ?") 11. [271] The Pilate in the film, played by Barry Dennen, expands on John 18:38 to question Jesus on the truth and appears, in McDonough's view, as "an anxious representative of [] moral relativism". [122] This theory was rejected by Helen Bond, who argued that there was nothing particularly offensive about the designs. 15:6-15; Lk. We do not know where Pontius Pilate was born. This may mean they were close, since life in the administrative center of Caesarea would certainly have been more comfortable for her. [255] Among other topics, the two anachronistically discuss the meaning of the last judgment and the second coming; Pilate fails to comprehend Jesus's teachings and is complacent as he sends him to his death. [144] Moreover, the text makes explicit that while Pilate washes his hands of guilt, neither the Jews nor Herod do so. He nonetheless washes his hands of guilt after the tortures have been administered. Still others believe Pontius Pilate's fate involved his conversion to Christianity and subsequent canonization. Pontius Pilate lived from around 20BC until some time after AD36. These soldiers came up to Jerusalem at the time of the feasts, when the city was full of strangers, and there was . He was appointed prefect of Judaea through the intervention of Sejanus, a favourite of the Roman emperor Tiberius. The Modern Library. Updates? [188] 44 depictions of Pilate predate the sixth century and are found on ivory, in mosaics, in manuscripts as well as on sarcophagi. [86] Paul Winter explained the discrepancy between Pilate in other sources and Pilate in the gospels by arguing that Christians became more and more eager to portray Pontius Pilate as a witness to Jesus' innocence, as persecution of Christians by the Roman authorities increased. Pontius Pilate was born somewhere, although we don't know where.According to one account, he was a member of the Pontii tribe as well as a member of the Samnite royalty.The Samnites were a people that resided in Italy's southern area.Alternatively, it is said that Pontius Pilate was born in Germany and was the bastard son of Tyrus, the King . 4. Pilate's wife has been named Procula or Claudia and in the Eastern and Ethiopian Churches she is revered as a saint. [195] Pilate also comes to feature in scenes such as the Flagellation of Christ, where he is not mentioned in the Bible. [72][90] Warren Carter argues that Pilate is portrayed as skillful, competent, and manipulative of the crowd in Mark, Matthew, and John, only finding Jesus innocent and executing him under pressure in Luke. Eugene Norris asks our panel of pastors, What Happened to Pontius Pilate? According to some, Pilate killed himself while in exile to Gallia. The Pontii were a Samnite gens. Pontius Pilate. Ignatius of Antioch mentions him in his epistles to the Trallians, Magnesians, and Smyrnaeans[13] (composed between 105110 AD). And his appearance was like lightning, and his clothing as white as snow. [72] The main sources on the crucifixion are the four canonical Christian Gospels, the accounts of which vary. Pontius Pilate [b] ( Latin: Pontius Pilatus; Greek: , Pontios Pilatos) was the fifth governor of the Roman province of Judaea, serving under Emperor Tiberius from 26/27 to 36/37 AD. And all the people answered and said, "His blood be on us and on our children" (Matthew 27:24-25). Pilate was also afraid of Jesus. [128], In 2018, an inscription on a thin copper-alloy sealing ring that had been discovered at Herodium was uncovered using modern scanning techniques. The second-century pagan philosopher Celsus polemically asked why, if Jesus was God, God had not punished Pilate, indicating that he did not believe that Pilate shamefully committed suicide. [116] At the turn of the 20th century, it was generally held to be fake, a forgery in support of a local legend that Pontius Pilate died in exile in Ameria. [46] Unlike his predecessor, Valerius Gratus, Pilate retained the same high priest, Joseph ben Caiaphas, for his entire tenure. [116] The inscription was formerly found outside the church of St. Secundus, where it had been copied from a presumed original. Pontius Pilate was the Roman prefect (governor) of Judaea (2636 CE) who presided at the trial of Jesus and gave the order for his crucifixion. [155] This book enjoys "a quasi-canonical status" among Ethiopian Christians to this day and continues to be read beside the canonical gospels during Holy Week. Donations to this ministry aretax-deductible. By other accounts, Pontius Pilate was sent into exile and committed suicide of his own accord. Finally, the corpse is taken to Lausanne in modern Switzerland and buried in an isolated lake (perhaps Lake Lucerne), where demonic visitations continue to occur. The disciples truly believed that Jesus was the Messiah and they loved Him, but their fear of arrest kept them bound in tearful silence. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Historical and traditional accounts of the life of Pontius Pilate, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pontius-Pilate, World History Encyclopedia - Pontius Pilate, McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia - Pontius Pilate, Sagrada Famlia: sculpture of Pontius Pilate. Some traditions assert that after he committed suicide, his body was thrown into the Tiber River. Others suggest that he was executed during the reign of Emperor Nero. He was married to the niece of the . Britannica 2005. Hear their responses inspired by scripture and what the Bible says in regards to an. Modern authors who feature Pilate prominently in their works include Anatole France, Mikhail Bulgakov, and Chingiz Aitmatov, with a majority of modern treatments of Pilate dating to after the Second World War. [286], The Gospels' deflection of responsibility for Jesus's crucifixion from Pilate to the Jews has been blamed for fomenting antisemitism from the Middle Ages through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. [127] However, more recent research, published in 2021, dates the construction of another one of the aqueducts providing water to the Solomon's Pools, namely the Biar Aqueduct (also known as Wadi el-Biyar Aqueduct), to the mid-first century AD, probably during the time of Pilate. [99], The church historian Eusebius (Church History 2.7.1), writing in the early fourth century, claims that "tradition relates that" Pilate committed suicide after he was recalled to Rome due to the disgrace he was in. Pontius Pilate. Antiquities of the Jews 18.4.2. [115] The more recent scholars Alexander Demandt and Henry MacAdam both believe that the inscription is genuine, but attests to a person who simply had the same cognomen as Pontius Pilate. This resulted in a crowd of Jews surrounding Pilate's house in Caesarea for five days. This document, allegedly derived from Pilate's own records, says that he and his wife became believers in Jesus. What do we know about Pontius Pilate? "[107] Originally, the inscription would have included an abbreviated letter for Pilate's praenomen (e.g., T. for Titus or M. for Marcus). . His rule began in 26 CE and lasted until early in 37 CE (Josephus, Antiquities 18.32f, 35, 89). There are three reports about the incident. Pilate is nevertheless forced to execute Jesus by the increasingly angry crowd, but Jesus tells Pilate that he does not hold him responsible. 8. "[276], Pontius Pilate is mentioned as having been involved in the crucifixion in both the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. [87] Bart Ehrman argues that the Gospel of Mark, the earliest one, shows the Jews and Pilate to be in agreement about executing Jesus (Mark 15:15), while the later gospels progressively reduce Pilate's culpability, culminating in Pilate allowing the Jews to crucify Jesus in John (John 19:16). Would the mob be just as happy if he released Barabbas instead of Jesus on the feast day (Mark 15:6 ff.)? Thus says the LORD, Let not a wise man boast of his wisdom, and let not the mighty man boast of his might, let not a rich man boast of his riches; but let him who boasts boast of this, that he understands and knows Me . Yet, no judge could justly condemn a man he considered innocent. The Jewish historian Josephus, the philosopher Philo of Alexandria and the Gospel of Luke all mention incidents of tension and violence between the Jewish population and Pilate's administration. Pilate, who was the fifth, succeeding Valerius Gratus in A.D. 26, had greater authority than most procurators under the empire, for in addition to the ordinary duty of financial administration, he had supreme power . After Jesus heals Pilate's wife of a fatal illness, the Jews bribe Pilate with 30 talents to crucify Jesus. 6. Antiquities of the Jews 18.4.1. For Pilate, anything that got him advanced in status in the eyes of the emperor was truth. Cyclopedia of Biblical Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. Flavius Josephus. [106] The fragmentary nature of the inscription has led to some disagreement about the correct reconstruction, so that "apart from Pilate's name and title the inscription is unclear. [142] Originally, these texts served both to unburden Pilate of guilt for the death of Jesus as well as to provide more complete records of Jesus's trial. Ararat? Others argue that Pilate's duty was not so much to uphold justice as it was to promote peace and Roman interests. In Martin Scorsese's The Last Temptation of Christ (1988), Pilate is played by David Bowie, who appears as "gaunt and eerily hermaphrodite. The New Testament gospel of Luke records that Pilate had heard about Jesus and His miracles before He was brought before Pilate. [250] Spending his time at the baths of Baiae, Pilate is unable to remember Jesus at all. But in 31 AD, Sejanus ended up on the wrong side of a political feud and was sentenced to . When a mob formed while Pilate was visiting Jerusalem, Pilate ordered his troops to beat them with clubs; many perished from the blows or from being trampled by horses, and the mob was dispersed. They all had particular interests in Christ's position before the people at that time. . [197] In many depictions he is no longer depicted washing his hands, or is depicted washing his hands but not in the presence of Jesus, or else he is depicted in passion scenes in which the Bible does not mention him. [212] Pilate continued to be represented in various manuscript picture bibles and devotional works as well, often with innovative iconography, sometimes depicting scenes from the Pilate legends. [187] In later images he is typically shown washing his hands of guilt in Jesus' presence. "[256] Pilate becomes obsessed with his guilt for having killed Jesus. According to some, Pilate killed himself while in exile to Gallia. [3], In the thirteenth century, depictions of the events of Christ's passion came to dominate all visual art formsthese depictions of the "Passion cycle" do not always include Pilate, but they often do so; when he is included, he is often given stereotyped Jewish features. Josephus tells us that in order to abolish Jewish laws, and with the intent of diminishing privileges Jews had hitherto enjoyed, Pilate ordered his troops to encamp in Jerusalem and sent them into the city with images of the emperor attached to their ensigns. [23] In the Gospels of Mark and John, Pilate is only called by his cognomen, which Marie-Joseph Ollivier takes to mean that this was the name by which he was generally known in common speech. [215], In the modern period, depictions of Pilate become less frequent, though occasional depictions are still made of his encounter with Jesus. [78] Demandt dismisses the notion that Pilate was involved. (59) But they threw themselves upon the ground, and laid their necks bare, and said they would take their death very willingly, rather than the wisdom of their laws should be transgressed; upon which Pilate was deeply affected with their firm resolution to keep their laws inviolable, and presently commanded the images to be carried back from Jerusalem to Cesarea.[4]. . Who gave Jesus to Pontius Pilate? [45], As governor, Pilate had the right to appoint the Jewish High Priest and also officially controlled the vestments of the High Priest in the Antonia Fortress. [156], Seven of the Pilate texts mention Pilate's fate after the crucifixion: in three, he becomes a very positive figure, while in four he is presented as diabolically evil. [25] Like all but one other governor of Judaea, Pilate was of the equestrian order, a middle rank of the Roman nobility. [25], Pilate was likely educated, somewhat wealthy, and well-connected politically and socially. They wanted Jesus dead. First Apology 48. [192] Images of Pilate are found on new materials such as metal, while he appeared less frequently on ivory, and continues to be a frequent subject of gospel and psalter manuscript illuminations. [266] Following the Second World War, Pilate and the Romans often take on a villainous role in American film. [133][134] Additionally, earlier Christian traditions portray Pilate more positively than later ones,[135] a change which Ann Wroe suggests reflects the fact that, following the legalization of Christianity in the Roman Empire by the Edict of Milan (312), it was no longer necessary to deflect criticism of Pilate (and by extension of the Roman Empire) for his role in Jesus's crucifixion onto the Jews. [171] Howard Martin summarizes the general content of these legendary biographies as follows: a king who was skilled in astrology and named Atus lived in Mainz. [260], In 1986, Soviet-Kyrgiz writer Chingiz Aitmatov published a novel in Russian featuring Pilate titled Plakha (The Place of the Skull). [231] The earliest surviving passion play, the thirteenth-century Ludus de Passione from Klosterneuburg, portrays Pilate as a weak administrator who succumbs to the whims of the Jews in having Christ crucified. [229] While in some plays Pilate is opposed to the Jews and condemns them, in others he describes himself as a Jew or supports their wish to kill Christ. But the Jewish leaders did care. Though he knew the charges against Jesus Christ were void of substance, because of his spineless politicism, he delivered the Son of God over to the rebellious Jews for crucifixion (see Mt. He could also be a Samnite by origin, because the name Pontius could come from the Pontii family, belonging to the Italian people of the Samnites (central Italy). There he lives happily as a farmer and is looked after by his daughter, but suffers from gout and obesity and broods over his time as governor of Judaea. He had the power to inflict capital punishment, and was responsible for collecting tributes and taxes, and for disbursing funds, including the minting of coins. McClintock and Strong. [] Legendary or theological additions have also been made to the narrative [] Despite extensive differences, however, there is a certain agreement amongst the evangelists regarding the basic facts, an agreement which may well go beyond literary dependency and reflect actual historical events. Tradition adds that Pilate died in Vienne, France on the Rhone or on Mount Pilatus, Switzerland. Supposedly, his name was changed in Pontus to Pontius Pilate and he was eventually appointed the sixth governor or procurator of Judea by Sejanus, a favorite of the Roman emperor Tiberius. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Overall he actually mostly unimportant. "[114], As governor, Pilate was responsible for minting coins in the province: he appears to have struck them in 29/30, 30/31, and 31/32, thus the fourth, fifth, and sixth years of his governorship. Pontius Pilate (Pontius Pilatus) lived in the 1st century CE.His name literally means "Pilate of Pontus". Read on and learn more about this key figure in the crucifixion . The love story is not soppy, it is real, and the heartbreak of the situation well portrayed. The Governor was under the impression that Jesus was simply claiming to be "King of the Jews," but it says once Pilate found out that Jesus was claiming to be the Son of God " he was even more afraid " (John 19:8). So Pilate, when he had tarried ten years in Judea, made haste to Rome, and this in obedience to the orders of Vitellius, which he dare not contradict; but before he could get to Rome, Tiberius was dead.[10]. My name is pronounced "Pilate." It sounds the same as the name of the person who steers the boat or the ship - the pilot. During what years was Pontius Pilate governor of Judea. Josephuss references appear to be consistent. [166][167], Beginning in the eleventh century, more extensive legendary biographies of Pilate were written in Western Europe, adding details to information provided by the bible and apocrypha. One famous nineteenth-century painting of Pilate is Christ before Pilate (1881) by Hungarian painter Mihly Munkcsy: the work brought Munkcsy great fame and celebrity in his lifetime, making his reputation and being popular in the United States in particular, where the painting was purchased. He and his wife are portrayed as Christian converts and sometimes martyrs. An early church tradition that had taken a favourable opinion of Pilate persisted in some churches into the early 21st century. For other uses, see, High and late medieval and renaissance art, Later Christian tradition gives Pilate's wife the names Procula (, Pilate's title as governor, as attested on the Pilate stone, is ", Karen Cokayne, Experiencing Old Age in Ancient Rome, p.100, Roman Procurator coinage Pontius Pilate, List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources, https://library.brown.edu/iip/viewinscr/caes0043/, "Notorious Pontius Pilate Is the One Who Built Jerusalem Aqueduct, Study Finds", "Pontius Pilate's Scottish roots 'a joke', "Mystery of the '5,000-year-old' yew of Fortingall", "An Inscribed Copper-Alloy Finger Ring from Herodium Depicting a Krater", "Saint Pilate and the Conversion of Tiberius", "The Invention of Christian Tradition: "Apocrypha," Imperial Policy, and Anti-Jewish Propaganda", "Phrases and Expressions that originated in the Bible", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pontius_Pilate&oldid=1142261817, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles containing Italian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 12:07. Sources on Pontius Pilate are limited, although modern scholars know more about him than about other Roman governors of Judaea. [186] Pilate first appears in art on a Christian sarcophagus in 330 CE; in the earliest depictions he is shown washing his hands without Jesus being present. [175], Several places in Western Europe have traditions associated with Pilate. "), John 19:14 (Ecce rex vester, "Behold your king! Flavius Josephus. (That his title was prefect is confirmed by an inscription from Caesarea in ancient Palestine.). According to Eusebius of Caesareas Ecclesiastical History, Pilate killed himself on orders from the emperor Caligula. "Am I a Jew? [145] The Gospel includes a scene in which the centurions who had been guarding Jesus' tomb report to Pilate that Jesus has been resurrected. Pontius Pilate is best known for presiding over Jesus ' trial and ordering his crucifixion. The episode connected with her is perhaps among the most mysterious. It became acceptable to cast Pilate as a villain and a range of myths developed describing his grisly end. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. "[138] An earlier reference to Pilate's records of Jesus's trial is given by the Christian apologist Justin Martyr around 160. Attitudes split by region: In texts from the Eastern Roman Empire, Pilate was portrayed as a positive figure. [260] Swiss playwright Max Frisch's comedy Die chinesische Mauer portrays Pilate as a skeptical intellectual who refuses to take responsibility for the suffering he has caused. But the Jewish leaders did care. [207], The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries see fewer depictions of Pilate, although he generally appears in cycles of artwork on the passion. [201] Pilate also comes to be frequently depicted as present at the crucifixion, by the fifteenth century being a standard element of crucifixion artwork. 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