People who have become educated consider the shaving of the hair unnecessary. Death -The rites or ceremonies conducted on such occasions differ from one community to another. 2 William J. Meanwhile, the median income of married-couple families is much higher ($72,589). The written descriptions and therefore perceptions of the traditional African family were also a victim of the European colonial cultural bias and Christian values. 3. Among the Baganda, the clan has remained the most important kinship entity. (Eds.) 6. Children are attached to and cared for by many adults, including grandparents, aunties, uncles and older siblings [29064] [28917]. in the garden or when one is building a new house. - Life also progress from one stage to another. Through dreams and vision v. Through observation and practice MEDICINE MEN They have the knowledge of healing certain diseases in the community. - Sometimes the orphans and widows have their property destroyed or snatched. Names are also given in honor of ancestors. Elizabeth Colson, Marriage and the Family among the Plateau Tonga of Northern Rhodesia. Some people believe casting of an evil eye would cause bodily harm to somebody. Prayers also connect the living and the dead. Today choosing of a marriage partner is individualized and the parents do nowadays not choose the marriage partner. There are physical (visible) causes of death and religious (invisible) causes. Some names are given according to the time one was born. First, in succession and inheritance the man inherits his dead grandfather, maternal uncle, or brother. But rather the matrilocal extended family comprised of a man and his wife, their married daughters, son-in-laws, and their children. - In some communities e.g. - Also include the dead and those yet to be born and the departed relatives. The Baganda use classificatory system of kinship terminology which seems common to virtually all the Bantu peoples of Central and Southern Africa. Babbie, Earl R., Sociology: An Introduction. Schooling where children spend most of their time with teachers depriving them the time to be with elders. However, the influence of mediums and diviners has been affected by Christianity, which is against consulting any power apart from God. It is also a way of showing respect to God for the gift of the children. 7. - Playing football - Wresting - Beer drinking - Wedding ceremonies - Riddles - Folktales - Tongue twisters Today several changes have affected leisure activities. During this period he conducted extensive research and field work in rural Zambia particularly in the Eastern and Southern Provinces of the country. It is believed that the dead relatives continue to live through children. pp. 1. They play the role of counselors and advisors to the community. The land belonged to the whole community. The degree of relatedness to the caregiver and socio-economic status of the fostering household were the strongest determinants of the well-being of children in kinship care. The cultural and physical diversity added with the dramatic social changes of the last three decades on the continent makes the family pattern situation so variegated as to defy any sweeping generalizations. Traditional African society. It has been widely documented, particularly in Western cultural settings, that women prefer to compete less than men. - In most African communities a widow was inherited by the husbands close relatives. These rules would differ from one community to another. ii. 4. 3. They are experts in particular religious fields. Challenges facing herbalists 1. 2. They include;- 1. However, children are never kissed kissing is not known to the Baganda and the close intimacy of the mother-child relationship as found in America, for example, is not present. Some names are given in the remembrance of the departed relatives. Family. viii. - The introduction of money economy has reduced the value of land. This symbolizes new life. The belief in Christianity has also affected traditional beliefs in death to believe that death is a gateway to heaven and there is resurrection of the body. During initiation the young adults are taught matters relating to sex and adulthood. Tembo, Mwizenge S., A Sociological Analysis of the African Personality Among Zambian Students. Dec. 31, 2007. Everybody in the community is expected to work hard. During the period earlier than 1940s, marriages remained completely matrilocal during the couples entire life. There was fair distribution of wealth to even those who did not have. After initiation one is now free to marry and has a right to inherit his fathers property. LAND In the traditional African society, people had a lot of attachment to land. It could also help in paying of the dowry. - The departed relatives are kept alive through naming. - There are traditional midwives who help in delivery. - A white bed sheet is spread this is to collect blood during the breaking of virginity. What is significant about the various descriptions of the traditional African family is that they are from back in the period before the 1940s and in case of the Baganda from the late 1800s. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969) p.30. They heal various diseases using herbs. .The eldest son cannot inherit.15, The Baganda practice the levirate custom. 3. Marriage: Has been individualized and is no longer a communal affair. Importance of Naming 1. The midwife advises on post-natal care of the mother and the baby. The author describes the interaction between the Baganda mother and her baby as unfavorable and lacking any affection or love. 6. Overall, there are two forms of social groups that from the basis of Bemba marriage and traditional family. They act as counselors and guide the people on all issues of life. 3. Marriage involves much more than just the bride.37, This author would further argue that among the African people that are conductors, participants, and are actors in these marriages, the concept buy, purchase a wife or bride does not exist. They are given time to heal. 3. Before this ceremony, the child is not considered a complete member of the clan or society. He was a Lecturer and Research Fellow at the Institute of African Studies of the University of Zambia from 1977 to 1990. A total of 68 linguistic terms of relationships are used by the Baganda.12, The Baganda have a very important aspect of the social or family structure; the consanguinal kin group or blood line which is a line of descent traced through the male members of the family or patri-sib. A person's position in the kinship system establishes their relationship to others and to the universe, prescribing their responsibilities towards other people, the land and natural resources. First, two animal totems from one of which the clan derives its name. People who are directly related to each other are known as primary kin. The government, the church and non-governmental organizations have built homes for the aged. Some of the issues that were the products of the Eurocentrically biased judgements include the following two. iv. iii. - Gambling. The kin group is also a source of emotional and spiritual belonging. 2. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1956, 1966, 1971). In some instances a go between would be used to identify a suitable partner. Importance of Kinship - Kinship system defines how members relate to one another i.e. Edited by G.A. The elderly are physically in active. Changing Family Patterns: Sub-Saharan Africa, in World Revolution and Family Patterns. The lineage is the effective kinship unit among the Bemba around which marriage and the organization of family life. revolves.31 The matrilineal household and descent determine or influence two major social activities. Mothers and children would die at childbirth to cases where there is no skilled mid-wife. 5. 1. There were clear guidelines, rules and regulations on the use and ownership of land. Some reflect the condition of weather or season at the time of birth. - Rainmakers are special people who have the ability to make rain. They believe iron implements attract lightning. Edited by G.A. - Marriage ensures that children are not born outside wedlock. Hotel Hope Ministries is a fully registered South African non-profit organisation established with aim of ensuring that each and every child is brought up in a safe, happy and healthy home so that they can grow up and develop into responsible and positive adults. 25 This book is written in Chewa indigenous Central African language. Extended Family: It ensures that children, orphans and the widows are well taken care of by the other members of the extended family. 4. Many people have migrated to towns where people come from different backgrounds. Researchers have examined the effects of matrilineal kinship systems for women's preferences, including preference for competition, altruism, risk, and political participation. Indeed, such authors as Chondoka have recently found little accuracy or justification in calling this custom purchasing or buying of a wife. c) Explain the factors weakening kinship ties among Africa communities. The gift replaces her reminding the family that she has left her people yet she is not dead. Headmanships of villages, court offices, ritual titles, and chieftainships are passed on in this way. 2. - Wealth is no longer determined in terms of the number of wives or children. It also gives them time to find out the background of the partners e.g. They advise the expectant mother on how to take care of herself. The clan is linked by four factors. - They ensure the values and culture of the community is observed. 5. Department of Sociology 18. a) State five changes that have taken place in property ownership today. iv. People nowadays migrate and buy lands in far places. Once the proposals are made, the parents and relatives would begin marriage negotiations. Magic, sorcery and witchcraft. Traditional kinship structures remain important in many First Nations communities today. iv. We do not sell brides in our society. - Men are not allowed to go next to the delivery places. Kinship refers to relationship between people through blood, marriage or adoption. These include birth, initiation, marriage and death. Property could be owned by community, individuals or families. 5. Many wives 3. - Marriage was a source of wealth for the family. - Thankfulness. - Among the Luo the bride could be accompanied by her other sisters and on the first night, the people would witness the breaking of virginity. - Initiation rites have certain symbolic meanings. 4. Life is seen to begin from the time of conception since unborn children are taken as part of the community. Clitoridectomy Female circumcision. Through the kinship system, people learn the importance of sharing what they have with others. d. If it is a man, the wife is supposed to stay around the corpse among them show clearly she would miss the husband. among the Akamba pregnant women are not supposed to eat fats, beans or animals killed using poison. 35 3Audrey I. Richards, Bemba Marriage and Present Economic Conditions. The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers. 8. They can foretell the future e.g. If the child laughs, then the last mentioned name is given to him or her, .and the soul of the ancestors is considered to have entered its body.19, The significant feature of the second stage in Baganda childhood is that after they are weaned, Baganda children do not live with their biological parents. - Marriage enables one to assume leadership rules an unmarried person would not be chosen a leader. Second, an identifying drum beat used at ceremonies. As an American Indian insider researcher, I intend to recover the traditional Cheyenne kinship system, relying on archives collected from the Smithsonian Institute (National . 3. Leisure Activities: This is the time that one has at his disposal. Anthropologist Robin Fox says that the study of kinship is the study of what humans do with these basic facts of life - mating, gestation, parenthood, socialization, siblingship etc. 2. Economy e.g. 2. The midwives perform the following:- 1. Others bury the dead with property with a belief that they would continue to use them in the next world. Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953), 24 Audrey I. Richards, Bemba Marriage and Present Economic Conditions, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969). Children could be named after their dead relatives. Introduction to Kinship. Other names can be given according to important events that take place in the community e.g. Most of the time they suffer from old age diseases. - Taking of dangerous drugs. Introduction The primary objective of this paper is to define the African traditional religious system as the basis of understanding Christian spiritual warfare within an African context. - They can foretell the future by receiving visions, dreams or words from God. 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