the United States issues immigration visas to 2 . Thirty-seven percent of Congress supporters are somewhat comfortable having friends who support the BJP (identical to the share of BJP supporters who are somewhat comfortable having Congress friends), but just 23 percent say they are very comfortable having BJP supporters as friends (for BJP supporters, the analogous share is 35 percent). Given that only 5 percent of IAAS respondents report being victims of caste discrimination, any subgroup analysis must be interpreted with due care given the small sample sizes involved. (Respondents can select multiple choices from a preselected menu of options, so the percentages in the figure do not add up to 100.). Give Orange. The survey asks respondents whetherin the past one yearthey participated in any of four common methods of civic engagement: working with others in their community to solve a problem; performing voluntary community service without pay; attending a public meeting, such as for a school board or city council; or attending a protest march, demonstration, or rally. Respondents who acknowledge a caste identity are only slightly more likely to report that some of their social network is made up of people of the same caste (41 percent versus 33 percent for those without a caste identity). Respondents who support neither the BJP nor the Congresslisted as Otherappear more favorably inclined toward the Congress. Only 26 percent of Hindus who do not identify with a caste respond to questions about the caste composition of their social networks by answering dont know. This indicates that even though a large proportion of Hindu respondents say they do not identify with a caste, only a small fraction are unaware of the caste composition of their networks. . All rights reserved. How might non-Indians discriminate against Indians on the basis of caste if caste is not a salient category for them? These views, in turn, are further affected both by selection effects (who emigrates) and political dynamics in the country of settlement. As figure 18 shows, 43 percent of foreign-born Indian Americans have a social network dominated by Indian-origin friends, compared to 25 percent of respondents born in the United States (adding up the shares of those who say all or most of their friends are of Indian origin). Ten percent of IAAS respondents identify as South Asian American, a term which refers to diaspora populations from countries across the region such as Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The data in figure 26 show that one in two Indian Americans reports being subject to some form of discrimination in the past year. This study is the third in a series on the social, political, and foreign policy attitudes of Indian Americans. Third, Christians are much more likely to report that hardly any or none of their Indian friends share their religion. What are Indian Americans experiences with discrimination, and how do discriminatory practices manifest? 4 Sanjoy Chakravorty, Devesh Kapur, and Nirvikar Singh, The Other One Percent: Indians in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017). Interestingly, among IAAS respondents, Diwali emerges as the most celebrated holiday63 percent of respondents report that they celebrate the Indian festival of lights (see figure 16). From the 1820s to the 1840s, approximately 90 percent of immigrants to the United States came from Ireland, England, or Germany. A majority of Hindus (52 percent) report attending religious services once or twice a month or just a few times a year, while another 25 percent report seldom or never attending religious services. First, the survey asks respondents to consider how discrimination against Indian Americans compares to discrimination directed toward other minority communities in the United States. The survey furthers asks respondents to assess whether they believe that domestic politics in India might be creating or exacerbating divisions within the Indian American community. Indian Americans are the second-largest immigrant group in the United States. Thirty percent of non-citizen IAAS respondents possess a green card (or a permanent residency card), which places them on a pathway to gaining U.S. citizenship. 48 (2010): 99106. On the other hand, immigrants from every region except Mexico, the Caribbean and Central America were as likely as or more likely than U.S.-born residents to have a bachelors or advanced degree. Overall, the Obama administration deported about 3 million immigrants between 2009 and 2016, a significantly higher number than the 2 million immigrants deported by the Bush administration between 2001 and 2008. The IAAS sample includes both citizens and non-U.S. citizens; the former category accounts for 77 percent of the survey respondents. Lawful immigrants made up the majority of the immigrant workforce, at 21.2 million. Eighteen percent of non-citizens reside in the United States on an H-4 visa, a category for immediate family members of H-1B visa holders. Want the news delivered straight to your inbox? It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. Report. The backgrounds of children of immigrants' families vary by state and region. Thirteen percent have a high school diploma and just 1 percent have not finished high school. On average, an H-1B visa holder reports living in the United States for eight years, although 36 percent of H-1B beneficiaries report spending more than a decade in the country (that is, they arrived before 2010). Another way of examining respondents regional connections in India is to look at their linguistic backgrounds. Indeed, a plurality (44 percent) of Indian Americans born in the United States say that they feel more American than Indian (compared to 23 percent of foreign-born respondents). But in New Jersey, where there is a significant concentration of Indian Americans, Indian Americans are more likely to associate with their own. Sumitra Badrinathan is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at Oxford University. Forty percent of respondents born in the United States report being a member of an Indian American organization, compared to 29 percent of those born elsewhere. View Reports-/5-RATE QUIZ. 42 Shanto Iyengar, Gaurav Sood, and Yphtach Lelkes, Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization, Public Opinion Quarterly 76, no. To a certain extent, however, many of these factors are inseparable. When it comes to online discussions of politics, 28 percent of U.S.-born citizens posted comments about political issues on an online forum, compared to 18 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of non-citizens. U.S. Census data affirm that Indian Americans enjoy a standard of living that is roughly double that of the median American household, underpinned by substantially greater educational attainmentthe share of Indian Americans with at least a bachelors degree is twice the national average.4 However, these aggregate figures mask severe inequalities within the community. Second, the survey asks respondents about their own lived experience with discrimination. We do ask that you be kind. 1 Remarks by President Biden in a Call to Congratulate the NASA JPL Perseverance Team on the Successful Mars Landing, White House, March 4, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/03/04/remarks-by-president-biden-in-a-call-to-congratulate-the-nasa-jpl-perseverance-team-on-the-successful-mars-landing/. 40 Interestingly, the Indian-origin composition of social networks does not vary significantly by respondents age. Immigration from Latin America slowed following the Great Recession, particularly for Mexico, which has seen both decreasing flows into the United States and large flows back to Mexico in recent years. Immigrants from Mexico have the lowest rates of English proficiency (34%), followed by those from Central America (35%), East and Southeast Asia (50%) and South America (56%). Nearly half or around 45% of all Asian immigrants or those of Asian origins live in the West, with around a third (31%) currently living in California . This chapter examines the immigration of South Asian and Indian populations to the United States between 1820 and 2015. 25 Measuring Religion in Pew Research Centers American Trends Panel, Pew Research Center, January 14, 2021, https://www.pewforum.org/2021/01/14/measuring-religion-in-pew-research-centers-american-trends-panel/. While 86 percent of Hindus report identifying with some kind of Indian identity, 71 percent of Christians and 52 percent of Muslims do the same. But self-identification as a person of Indian origin tells us little about the strength of a respondents Indian identity. This population includes naturalized citizens, lawful permanent residents (LPRs), certain legal nonimmigrants (e.g., persons on student or work visas), those admitted under refugee or asylee status, and persons illegally residing in the United States. OCI status effectively functions as a lifetime visa and also grants recipients the ability to live and work in India on a permanent basis. The results are displayed in figure 11. All rights reserved. Can you name the largest immigrant groups from each continent in Norway? Generally, most immigrants eligible for naturalization apply to become citizens. Access your favorite topics in a personalized feed while you're on the go. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Most of these children are native-born themselves. The major findings are briefly summarized below. This study relied on a nonrepresentative snowball sampling method to recruit respondents. As one might expect, first-generation (foreign-born) and second-generation (U.S.-born) respondents approach this question differently (see figure 12). The first, released in October 2020, explored the political attitudes and preferences of Indian Americans in advance of the November 2020 U.S. presidential election.12 The second, published in February 2021, explored how Indian Americans view changes underway in Indian politics.13, Indian Americans are the second-largest immigrant group in the United States.14. 1 (2015): 51104. More than half a century after the passage of the historic 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act, which allowed for a new wave of Indian migration to the United States, the Indian American community has come of age. Additionally, a narrow focus on demographics such as income, wealth, education, and professional success can obscure important (and sometimes uncomfortable) social truths. In 2018, roughly 11.2 million immigrants living in the U.S. were from there, accounting for 25% of all U.S. immigrants. Data from the Center for Migration Studies shows that 78% of immigrants in California were either naturalized or had some other legal status (including green cards and visas), and about 22% were undocumented as of 2019. Second, while respondents suggest Indians hold somewhat greater responsibility for engaging in discriminatory practices along religion and gender lines, here too they point mainly to non-Indians or a combination of Indians and non-Indians as primary sources of discrimination. The February 2021 IAAS paper found that almost seven in ten Hindus approve of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modis performance, while just one in five Muslims feel the same.34 However, without longitudinal data, it is unclear to what extent the religious divide reflects the specificities of the current contextin which Muslims in India feel especially marginalized and discriminated againstor is instead a product of longer-term trends. Third, caste discrimination is a surprisingly equal opportunity offense. Hispanics are also the nation's largest immigrant group and one of its fastest growing populations. 45 Carroll Doherty, Which Party is More to Blame for Political Polarization? Only 43 percent of IAAS respondents believe that Indian American is the term that best captures their background. For instance, for Indian Americans who skeptically view the rise of Hindu majoritarianism in India, it is unclear how they might apportion blame given that religion, leadership, and political parties are all deeply intertwined, especially in the current political scenario. Malayalam (6 percent), Urdu (5 percent), Marathi (4 percent), and Kannada (3 percent) round out the list. This section explores how Indian Americans view the subject of their own identity. It appears that respondents social networks are more homogenous in terms of religion than either region or caste. The survey, drawing on both citizens and non-citizens in the United States, was conducted online using YouGovs proprietary panel of 1.8 million Americans and has an overall margin of error of +/- 2.8 percent. Seventeen percent of U.S.-born citizens report attending a public meeting, while 12 percent of foreign-born citizens and 6 percent of non-citizens report doing so. A very small minority, around 10 percent, strongly or somewhat disagrees. However, the magnitude of the effect is modest. The 1965 Immigration Act allowed large numbers of Koreans to immigrate to the United States, a pattern which has continued to present day. There is also important variation by ones religious identity. Early childhood risk, reach, and resilience. Not all lawful permanent residents choose to pursue U.S. citizenship. The data described below unambiguously reveal a high degree of polarization, although its structure is asymmetric. Asian immigrants collectively comprised 28% of all immigrants by region of birth in 2018. 3 (2005): 169187. The reverse is true when it comes to identifying as Indian: the majority of Indian Americans who have lived in the United States between one and ten years (54 percent) feel most comfortable with this term, while that share declines to just 21 percent for those here for more than twenty-five years. Today, there are more apprehensions of non-Mexicans than Mexicans at the border. This is a list of U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net migration. Still others reject hyphenation entirely, preferring to be known simply as American. For instance, former Louisiana governor Bobby Jindal declared in 2015, I do not believe in hyphenated Americans. The propensity scores were grouped into deciles of the estimated propensity score in the frames and post-stratified according to these deciles.57. Rankings only apply to origin countries that meet this criterion. Existing research has found that among major Asian American communities, Indian Americansboth men and womenhave the highest rate of endogamy (the custom of marrying within ones community) in both the first and second generations, although there is a noticeable increase in marriage outside of the community among members of the second generation.21. For a daily dose of the most relevant Dallas News! 3 Immigration Commission, U.S. Senate, Reports of the Immigration Commission 349 (1911) cited in Sherally Munshi, Immigration, Imperialism, and the Legacies of Indian Exclusion, Yale Journal of Law & Humanities 28, no. 5 Devesh Kapur and Jashan Bajwa, A Study of Poverty in the Indian American Population, Johns Hopkins-SAIS, October 2020, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qCf6RE2L2FpvA6mny2Y_Xtof_zdJpFdC/view. Educational attainment varies among the nations immigrant groups, particularly across immigrants from different regions of the world. Several states have Canada as a major source of immigrants. Forty percent of Hindus say they pray once or several times a daysubstantially less than the 58 percent of Muslims or 66 percent of Christians who answer similarly. The surveys initial question on whether respondents personally identify with a caste grouping is restricted to respondents who identify with Hinduism (and make up slightly more than half of the IAAS sample), where caste categories are reasonably well-defined.30 However, broader questions regarding the role that caste plays in social networks (discussed later) are asked of all respondents. Conversely, the larger the size of a group, the greater the likelihood of meeting someone from that group. Find the US States - No Outlines Minefield 4 Find the Countries of Europe - No Outlines Minefield Geography. From 2009 to 2020, immigrants of Asian descent outnumbered those of Hispanic descent in terms of race and ethnicity. Because the results are largely the same, this study only reports results from the former. Interestingly, more than half of all Hindu respondents (56 percent) celebrate Christmas compared to just one in five Muslim respondents. 18 An additional 5 percent of respondents report not having an OCI card or being unsure of their OCI status. According to the data, the modal response of Indian Americans is that they weigh the two sides of their identity equally: 45 percent feel equally Indian and American. There does appear to be some variation based on respondents religious identity (see figure 7). The national origins of such immigrant populations likewise differ significantly. Send a Message. In many ways, the community is often portrayed as the poster child of Americas historic opening to new immigrants whoin ways big and smallhave transformed the country. Fourteen percent of non-citizens are on F-1, J-1, or M-1 visascategories of student or scholar visaswhile another 5 percent hold an L-1 visa, a designation available to employees of an international company with offices in the United States. According to IAAS data, 54 percent of respondents report belonging to the Hindu faith (see figure 6). 38 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India?, 1213. Second, given the presence of SCs among some non-Hindu religious groups, it is likely that the absolute number of SCsif not the percentagein the IAAS sample is higher. As one might expect, both Hindus and Muslims are overwhelmingly comfortable having close friends who share their faith: 97 percent of Hindu respondents report being very or somewhat comfortable having close Hindu friends, and 96 percent of Muslims report the same. If you enjoyed this article, please support us today! This finding tracks with other studies of immigrant communities.37. The remaining 23 percent of the sample consists of immigrants residing in the United States who do not hold U.S. citizenship. Specifically, this study addresses seven questions concerning the social realities of Indian Americans: This study is the third in a series of empirical papers on the Indian American community. Overall, 89 percent of Hindus and Muslims apiece report they are very or somewhat comfortable having friends of the other faith. This section reviews some basic characteristics of the social networks of Indian Americans. A much higher share of U.S.-born citizens report attending a protest (18 percent) than either foreign-born citizens (8 percent) or non-citizens (4 percent). Respondents were allowed to skip questions save for important demographic questions that determined the nature of other survey items. 57 For the methodological intuition behind this approach, see Douglas Rivers and Delia Bailey, Inference From Matched Samples in the 2008 U.S. National Elections, Proceedings of the Survey Research Methods Section of the American Statistical Association 2009, http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/y2009/Files/303309.pdf. To produce the final data set, respondents were matched to a sampling frame on gender, age, and education. 53 Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, On India, A Fracture in the Diaspora, Hindustan Times, February 10, 2021, https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/on-india-a-fracture-in-the-diaspora-101612878777662.html. How might non-Indians discriminate against Indians on the basis of caste if caste is not a category. Muslim respondents that one in five Muslim respondents a list of U.S. States and District... 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