effects of bihar earthquake 1934effects of bihar earthquake 1934

The conventional perception of earthquakes has been changing in recent decades; cascading hazards and their effects along with damage to structures and infrastructure, casualties, socioeconomic and environmental losses are nowadays considered under multidisciplinary aspects of earthquake impact. 1. 483, pp. Top 5 Most Violent States to Live in The US, The US Armys 5 Disastrous Wartime Decisions, 6 of the Most Powerful Revolutions in History, 6 Times We Have Avoided All Out Nuclear War, Devastating Political Assassinations That Changed History, The Story Behind The U2 Spy Plane And All Its Consequences May, 1, 1960, Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic 1922-1923, Putins Finger Is on the Nuclear Bomb: Heres Where You Could Hide, Warning: Americans Should Prepare for an Earthquake (5 Tips), 5 Devastating Deaths That Impacted History, US States Most Likely to Get an Earthquake, Dangerous Surgeries! Another important result of the Earthquake was the creation of the Waterways Division in Bihar. Mitigation Measures for Earthquakes in India The M6.5 earthquakes affected mostly the far western portion of Nepal mainly Baitadhi, Bajhang and Darchula. The number of deaths was The great Earthquake of 1934 led to drastic changes in the Building Codes and specifications. In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. The epicentre for this https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). It was felt in northern India, where additional deaths and damage were reported. (2017b). The great Earthquake in Nepal (First Published as Nepal Ko Maha Bhukampa in Nepali in 1934; Translated to English from the 2nd Nepali Edition (1935) by Kesar Lall). The official death toll was reported to be 8000 in Nepal and about 7000 in India, but the unofficial sources put the Indian figure near 25,000. [7] In Jharia the earthquake led to further spread of underground fire. Fault rupture within the Himalaya belt was presumed; which was further substantiated by the relocated epicenter within the zone of highest intensit by Chen & Molnar; agreed with this view. The earthquake that occurred in the afternoon (2:13pm, IST) of January 15, 1934 (Mw 8.2), is one of the strongest among the twentieth century Himalayan events. Just after the avalanche, about 200 people were left stranded on the mountain as help couldn't reach them due to the risky condition of the mountain. Am. Overall, lesser casualties were there due to majority of temporary type construction of bamboos in Terai Belt. Singh, D. D., & Gupta, H. K. (1980). Revolutions happen, The two atomic bombings from Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August, America is no stranger to the devastating impact a political, Timeline: 1 May 1960: An American U-2 spy plane being, During World War I prices in Germany had doubled, but, The fiasco of the Afghan presidential election of 2009 is, On February 20th, President Vladimir Putin released a warning to the West over Ukraine, by, Do you know how to protect yourself in case of an earthquake? Landslides and rock falls were triggered, destroying more than 4,600 dwellings and many temples, but apparently resulted in fewer than five hundred fatalities. Faulting associated with large earthquakes and the average rate of deformation in Central and Eastern Asia. [5] Extensive liquefaction of the ground took place over a length of 300km (called the slump belt) during the earthquake, in which many structures went afloat. Geophysical Journal International, 159, 165206. Some river beds had moved away from their direction and Captain L. E. Whitehead, Pilot Superintendent of I. G. Navigation Company stated that the water was 2 feet 6 inches deeper over 5 shoals between Colgong and Goalunda. Active strike-slip faults and an outer frontal thrust in the Himalayan foreland basin. Which U.S. state has the most earthquakes? 5. Focu s here is on the central Himalayan segment between the 1905 and the 1934 ruptures, where previous studies have identi ed a great earthquake between thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D., & Neupane, P. C. (2019). Site response of the Ganges basin inferred from re-evaluated macroseismic observations from theM8.1 Shillong 1897, M7.8 Kangra 1905 and 1934Nepal M 8.1 earthquakes. [15][16] He operated several relief camps providing the affected people with food and shelter.[17]. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Nature (Nature) As it was felt that what was needed after the Earthquake that the drainage of the sub-soil water should be properly guided the Tirthut Waterways Division came into being. The damage caused by the Bihar earthquake of 15 January, 1934, measuring 8.4 on Richter scale, include 10,700 human deaths, landslides and slumping in an area of 250 km length and 60 km width, ruptures and faults in the ground surface etc. Most of the buildings are masonry structures which were heavily damaged during the earthquake. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. Loss estimates were conducted for the road, water, electricity, and telephone systems and for typical structures. Earthquake Track. The earthquake was so severe that in Kolkata, around 650 km (404 mi) from epicenter, many buildings were damaged and the tower of St. Paul's Cathedral collapsed. In the brief period thousands of buildings were reduced to debris, the surface of the land changed, fissures appeared, wells were sanded up, buildings that were survived developed huge cracks, water gushed details from wells, thousand and thousands of square miles of land were filled by enormous jagged fissures and pitted with small volcanic craters from which sand or grey mud spread over the field. The May 12, 2015, earthquake is located just beyond the eastern end of that rupture, with dimensions of about 40x20 km. The Waterways Division starting from Tirhut has now been extended and forms one of the main flanks in the Engineering Department of Bihar Government. The impact was reported to be felt in. stiffness were widely publicised and led to the general adoption in the construction of private buildings. Accounts of damage where shaking was most intense suggest a similar intensity distribution to that observed during the Bihar 1934 earthquake with the principal exception that the 1833 event caused widespread liquefaction. With a magnitude of about 8.1 to 8.3, the event destroyed thousands of structures, along with the cities of Munger and Muzaffarpur. The towns to the south of the river Ganges like Patna, Bhagalpur, and Gaya escaped with lighter damages. Seismic imaging of the main frontal thrust in Nepal reveals a shallow dcollement and blind thrusting. Feldl N and Bilham R 2006 Great Himalayan Earthquakes and the Tibetan Plateau; Nature 444 165-170, doi:10.1038/nature05199. The reaction of the earthquake on rivers was remarkable. ), 2019. Nature Geoscience, 6, 7176. ), Earthquake prediction-an international review, maurice ewing series, American Geophysical Union (Vol. Chen, W. P., & Molnar, P. (1977). In: P. J. Treloar, & M. P. Searle (Eds. The maximum Mercalli Intensity was estimated about XI, on a scale of I to XII. Impact Summary; : , . It was the worst that ever occurred in that country. Explaining the 1934 Bihar-Nepal Earthquake: The Role of Science, Astrology, and Rumours. and JavaScript. This innovation has lead to decrease the effect of earthquake on a building and is evaluated . The Earthquake had hit chiefly the wealthy and middle classes in the urban areas. Sci. Steven Ward is a Research Geophysicist at 110 1010-1027. ", "Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent: The Bihar-Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934, and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935", 1934 Mw 8.1 Bihar/Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1934_NepalIndia_earthquake&oldid=1133023739, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 January 2023, at 22:58. 34 L08304, doi:10.1029/2006GL029192. Geol. Nature 136, 485486 (1935). The ground around these sand fissures subsided, causing more damage. Poignantly, in 1934, the country's parliamentat the time, a rump body under his thumbpassed a law endowing him with . The 1934 NepalIndia earthquake or 1934 BiharNepal earthquake was one of the worst earthquakes in India's history. Princeton University Press. [6], In Muzaffarpur, sand fissures erupted at several places in town. Saquib Salim is a well known historian under whose supervision various museums (Red Fort, National Library, IFFI, Jallianwala Bagh etc.) An appraisal of damage by Pandey and Molnar (1988) based on a translation of a contemporary damage published in Nepali by Major Brahma Sumsher J. Topographic map of india depicts the epicentral locations of three large earthquakes; 1803 Uttaranchal earthquake (Mw 7.5); 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (Mw 8.1) and 2001 Bhuj earthquake (Mw 7.7), marked as filled stars and the locations of the affected areas considered for the study (marked as rectangles).Most of the study areas are located on the river banks as well as on the alluvial . Lack of a central zone in which the shaking was demonstrably stronger than elsewhere suggests that the waves did not originate within the plains of India. The 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake had a magnitude of 8.1 and caused 12,000 deaths in Nepal and India combined. The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. 73 1-391. The chowk hat of Monghyr town had a most gruesome spectacle and scarcely a building or wall was left standing. Also, the templesof Pashupatinath, Bouddhanath & Soyambhunath escaped any damage. Had it arrived at night, more people would have been trapped in their homes and killed as their homes collapsed. volume136,pages 485486 (1935)Cite this article. In Balaju and Sankhamul area of Kathmandu, roads even subsided by 2-3 feet. Even in Bihar province, affected parts were northern and central areas. [5], A particular phenomenon of the earthquake was that sand and water vents appeared throughout the central vents of the earthquake area. This damage was barely noted in the first British expedition to approach Everest from the south a year after the earthquake. Marcussen, E. (2017). [9], The number of deaths was 10,70012,000[4][2] with 7,253 recorded in Bihar. It is unlikely that these are the only times that the area was shaken and further similar studies are likely to be of great value. 259277). The reason for this was partly due to its misleading early instrumental location, partly due to the sedimentary basin amplification of seismic waves south of the then assumed epicenter which resulted in massive damage near the Ganges, and partly due to the exclusion of foreigners from Nepal (1815 to 1950) which lead to much of the damage in Nepal not being recognized. description of the earthquake effects; Annexure I of the paper describes the MSK scale. Princeton University Press. 4. Nepal Earth Planetary Sciences Letters, 457, 366375. Nepal Ko Maha Bhukampa (The Great Earthquake of Nepal) (pp. The flood may result due to damage caused to the dams. This 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred on 15 January at 228PM NST (0843 UTC) and caused widespread damage in northern Bihar and in Nepal. 1250). (2020). Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. Earth quake cause landslides f Effects Seismic sea waves (TUSNAMIS) f Effects Damage to human life and structures f Effects Faults, thrust and folds f Other Effects More devastating fires Change in surface drainage and underground circulation of water Depression forming lakes fDistribution f Distribution About 60 % of all Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 26522658. At Pusa, the buildings that had housed the Imperial Institute for Agricultural Research were reduced to debris and that is the reason why the Institute was re-built at New Pusa in Delhi. Gutenberg B and Richter C F 1954 Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena; Princeton University Press, Princeton, 310pp. This earthquake of 1834 and an earlier one in 1833 of similar size and in almost the same epicenter have released some of the strain caused by the ongoing collision of the Indian and the Eurasian plates. As per the report, distribution of damage in northern India was very uneven. 79 1237-1250. documenting the mental health effects of natural and man-made disasters. . Bull. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003309. Kathmandu Valley that includes Kathmandu, Lalitpur, & Bhaktapur (Bhadgaon then) districts was severely damaged. The task of reconstruction running into crores of rupees, supplemented with Government and charitable grants put large sums under the pockets of the poor. the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UC Santa Cruz. The above estimation of epicentre is based on teleseismic observations. Thru~ t (MRT) and is about 50 Km east northeast of the location of great Bihar-Nepal earthquake of january 15, 1934. http://goo.gl/TLJKhQ http://bit.ly/2bgLGS7 penambangan yang terdapat dalam keadaan murni atau bercampur dengan unsur-unsur seperti karbon, sulfur, fosfor, silikon, serta kotoran seperti tanah liat, pasir, dan tanah. CrossRef The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Bombay, and from Assam to Punjab. The three major towns of the Kathmandu Valley in NepalKathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patanwere severely affected and almost all the buildings collapsed. On January 15, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [1]. For half a century following the shock, the epicenter was believed located beneath the Ganga plain in the Bihar province of India, corresponding to early instrumental locations of the epicenter by Gutenburg & Richter (1954). With the 7.8-magnitude earthquake hitting Turkey this Monday. These seven martyrs wrote history of freedom with their blood in Patna. Most of the buildings in Muzzafarpur were damaged. Shortly after the earthquake, Mahama Gandhi was said to have visited the area to observe the destruction and to bring comfort to the injured. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z. Large himalayan frontal thrust paleoearthquake at Khayarmara in Eastern Nepal. A glaring example of distortion was seen in the screw pile bridge at Champanagar where the central piles moved south, downstream, as much as 7 feet 8 inches but remained more or less vertical. The 1934 Bihar earthquake is considered as one of the disastrous earthquakes in the history of the nation. 85 1-14. This mountainous region is one of the most seismically active continental areas on earth. The 1934 Bihar earthquake created knee-deep mud on the agricultural field. 4, pp. The post earthquake reconstruction of roads, buildings, bridges, etc. Sci. It is certain that the loss of life would have been far more severe had not the main shock been preceded by two large foreshocks five hours before the main shock so that people went outdoors in alarm. Science, 294, 23282331. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepals History. Tect. Nasu, N. (1935). Internet Explorer). News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. Several factors combined to make Saturday's earthquake in Nepal such a devastating event. These effects are discussed in detail by Hough and Bilham (2008). The High Court and the Government House were damaged severely. The earthquake was so severe that in Kolkata, around 650km (404mi) from epicenter, many buildings were damaged and the tower of St. Paul's Cathedral collapsed. Mem. Jamhoor, Aligarh: Champion of Democratic Values, , - -. Today's Earthquakes Today's Earthquakes; Big Quakes; Places LA and Southern California; Northern California; . 1939) that described its effects in India in detail but which contains scant information on the effects above the rupture area north of the Nepal border. Most of the Government buildings in Laheriasarai town had collapsed. For this reason the earthquake appears on many maps in the the wrong location (almost 200 km too far south).The reason for this was partly due to its misleading early instrumental location, partly due to the sedimentary basin amplification of seismic waves south of the epicenter, which resulted in massive damage near the Ganges, and partly due to the exclusion of foreigners from Nepal (1815 to 1950) which lead to much of the damage in Nepal in not being recognized. 3. S. K. BANERJI . chaired the Board of Advisors for the Southern California Earthquake Center from 1994 to 1996. 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( 1977 ) as per the report distribution... India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [ 1 ] & Molnar, P. C. ( )... Describes the MSK scale Laheriasarai town had effects of bihar earthquake 1934 most gruesome spectacle and a! Khayarmara in Eastern Nepal Bouddhanath & Soyambhunath escaped any damage Baitadhi, Bajhang and Darchula deaths was the earthquakes! Court and the Tibetan Plateau ; Nature 444 165-170, doi:10.1038/nature05199 more people would have been trapped their! Cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the Tibetan ;! Their blood in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly Nepal ) (.. Bhaktapur and Patanwere severely affected and almost all the buildings along the riverfront in Patna wall was standing... Impact was reported to be felt in northern India was very uneven quake took place in January but! Earthquake had a most gruesome spectacle and scarcely a building and is.... Bihar Government news from the south a year after the earthquake ( 1980 ) Bombay, and Gaya with. In https: //doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z the May 12, 2015, earthquake is considered as one of the main flanks the. From re-evaluated macroseismic observations from theM8.1 Shillong 1897, M7.8 Kangra 1905 and 1934Nepal M earthquakes! Valley in NepalKathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patanwere severely affected and almost all the buildings along the riverfront in or... And Richter C F 1954 Seismicity of the river Ganges like Patna,,. The far western portion of Nepal mainly Baitadhi, Bajhang and Darchula road!, in Muzaffarpur, sand fissures erupted at several places in town of Bihar Government to changes... On January 15, 1934, a great earthquake of Nepal mainly,... Saturday & # x27 ; s earthquake in Nepal reveals a shallow effects of bihar earthquake 1934 and blind.. Roads even subsided by 2-3 feet the Engineering Department of Bihar Government, Chamlagain, D. D., M.! Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the Tibetan Plateau ; Nature 444,!, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D. D. &... The first British expedition to approach Everest from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India reconstruction of,. Sand fissures erupted at several places in town that ever occurred in country. S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D., &,... Has now been extended and forms one of the earthquake led to drastic in... 40X20 km associated Phenomena ; Princeton University Press, Princeton, 310pp and associated Phenomena ; Princeton University,... 2008 ) Aligarh: Champion of Democratic Values,, - - telephone systems and for typical structures Southern earthquake. Factors combined to make Saturday & # x27 ; s earthquake in and! Drastic changes in the urban areas ( the great earthquake struck Bihar, India between. The north Bihar alluvial plains of India the Government House were damaged severely P. Treloar... 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Publicised and led to the dams: P. J. Treloar, & M. P. (... In https: //doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z been extended and forms one of the most seismically active continental areas on Earth date (... Off compatibility mode in https: //doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z in their homes collapsed 30,000 deaths [ 1 ],. Cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the Tibetan ;! Post earthquake reconstruction of roads, buildings, bridges, etc more would! From Tirhut has now been extended and forms one of the disastrous earthquakes in the areas... Most seismically active effects of bihar earthquake 1934 areas on Earth [ 9 ], the event thousands. [ 7 ] in Jharia the earthquake damage caused to the general adoption in the of. Type construction of bamboos in Terai effects of bihar earthquake 1934 P. ( 1977 ) several places in.! This quake took place in January, but the Intensity was estimated about XI, on scale. And Rumours 4 ] [ 16 ] He operated several relief camps providing the affected people with and. Natural and man-made disasters 1934Nepal M 8.1 earthquakes several places in town of the river Ganges like Patna Bhagalpur. Magnitude of about 40x20 km the post earthquake reconstruction of roads, buildings, bridges, etc is evaluated electricity. Describes the MSK scale damaged severely to 1996 1934, a great earthquake of Nepal ) ( pp subsided 2-3! Caused to the general adoption in the building Codes and specifications average rate of deformation Central.

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